Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the functional unit of the kidney? |
Nephron |
|
The kidney plays a central role in BP regulation. How does it do that? |
RAAS |
|
What is the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction? |
Kidney stone |
|
Most uncomplicated UTIs are cause by what organism? |
E. coli |
|
How do the bacteria enter the urinary tract ( usually)? |
Urethra |
|
Does the Intracellular fluid contain the fluids found in the interstitial spaces? |
No |
|
Does the Sodium potassium pump appear ONLY in RBCs? |
No |
|
Is sodium the most abundant anion in the body? |
Yes |
|
We often see edema but often it is not life threatening. Is edema of the brain, larynx, or lungs considered dangerous? Even life threatening? |
Yes |
|
What is the major buffer system in the body? the protein buffer, the bicarg buffer, the plasma buffer or the renal buffer? |
Protein |
|
How are disorders of the G.I Tract manifested? What will you see in your patients? |
Anorexia - probably to begin with, along with nausea and vomiting |
|
We often say the GI tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body. What hormones does it produce? |
Gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin |
|
Many of your patients will have metabolic syndrome - we covered that a few units ago - please review your notes on this topic. |
Constellation of disorders (central obesity, HLP, pre-HTN & elevated FBS) - high risk for developing DM2 & cardiovascular complications (mortality). |
|
Generally speaking two things can cause an endocrine hormonal problem. These two things are ...............what? |
Overproduction, underproduction |
|
The liver is a versatile organ and has many functions. Is one of it's functions the production of minerals and vitamins? |
No |
|
What are some complications of peptic ulcer disease? |
Bleeding, obstruction & perforation |
|
What are the two major systems which coordinate to provide the means by which cell and tissue functions are integrated into a solitary surviving organism? |
Endocrine and Neurological |
|
Gall bladder disease because of gall stones is usually treat by what method? |
Removal/surgery |
|
What is the number one cause of failure to adequately control chronic pain? |
Undertreatment, not soon enough and withholding meds |
|
Where does diverticular disease occur? |
Most common in sigmoid colon. |
|
Where does the mucosal layer herniate? |
Muscularis layer |
|
What is the most common cause of Dementia? |
Alzheimers |
|
Anemia refers to a deficiency of what? |
RBCs |
|
Know different types of Anemia |
Macrocytic-Normochromic: Pernicious & folate Microcytic-Hypochromic: Iron deficiency & sideroblastic Normocytic-Normochromic: Aplastic , posthemorrhagic, hemolytic and anemia of chronic inflammation |
|
What is the cause of macrocytic-normochromic anemia? |
Folic acid deficiency, pernicious anemia |
|
Can hemolytic anemia result in jaundice? |
Yes |
|
Is it true that hypoxia is the end result of anemia? |
Yes |
|
Do you know the principle of osmotic neutrality? Do you know what that means? |
Positive and negative charges in blood plasma must be equal to one another - the body strives for this homeostasis |
|
Define an acid |
Something that dinates an H ion |
|
What is the most significant consequence of hyperkalemia? |
Arrhythmias (cardiac death) |
|
Is it true that of the 60% of the body weight made up of water, about 3 liters is the intravascular water? |
Yes |
|
So we don't want to lose a lot of that intracellular fluid - although when I complain that I have cut my finger my husband reminds me that I will not bleed forever - it is finite. |
Understand |
|
Give me some clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma |
Bone pain and M protein and renal damage. Weakness and fracture |
|
Why is a relatively high BP maintained in the glomerulus of the kidney? |
Regulate GFR - afferent arteriole is larger than the effernt |
|
If there is bone marrow depression will you see leukocytosis? |
No |
|
If a hypotonic solution is infused intravenously into a patient, will the fluid movement be from vascular to interstitial? |
Vascular to interstitial |
|
What is a waste product of protein metabolism? |
Urea |
|
If there is albumin in the urine, would this indicate probable damage to the glomeruli? |
Yes |
|
We know of a condition of the kidney that involved a history of infection with group A hemolytic strep. What is this condition? |
Glomerulonephritis |
|
Can you tell me if chronic kidney disease may result from hypertension? |
Yes |
|
How about chronic inflammation of the kidney? |
Yes |
|
Hematuria in the absence of proteinuria indicates injury to what structure? The glomerulus, the ureter? |
Ureter |
|
What hormone regulates RBC production? |
Erythropoetin |
|
Nephrotoxins such as antibiotics may be responsible for what kind of kidney injury? |
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)! So watch how and when you order, right? |
|
What is the most abundant protein in blood plasma? |
Albumin |
|
When you order a hematocrit - what are you asking for? |
% RBC in a given volume of blood |
|
Does a differential count of WBCs include a reticulocyte count? |
No - reticulocyte is an immature RBC |
|
How can the lab detect reticulocytes from more mature RBCs? |
Look up! You all should know what is different about a retic. If you have a patient with a suspected GI bleed - a slow bleed - and you do a count - and you see a lot of retics - then you would have help with your diagnosis |
|
What is the principal disorder in pernicious anemia? |
lack of intrinsic factor = no metabolism of vitamin b 12 |
|
What is a major clinical sign of ischemic colitis? |
rectal bleeding |
|
What is the cell from which ALL ( Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia) arises? |
B cell |
|
Can thrombocytopenia be caused by viruses that stimulate platelet production? |
No |
|
Is polycystic kidney disease an autosomal dominant disorder? |
Yes |
|
Would you know how to counsel this patient? |
Could you explain the inheritance? |
|
How would you describe the mitochondria? |
power house of cell |
|
what is the most significant consequence of underproduction of Cortisone which can occur in acute adrenal insufficiency? |
Death. Note: when you plan to withdraw a patient who has been on cortisone therapeutically for a long period |