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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This neurotransmitter is heavily involved in encoding reward.
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Dopamine
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This type of conditioning is when an organism forms an association between their own behavior and reward.
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Instrumental Conditioning
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Dopamine neuron activity (increases/decrease/remains the same) when an EXPECTED reward occurs?
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Does not change.
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True or false: Lack of a DOPAMINE signal at the EXPECTED time of reward would (increase/decrease remain constant) the LIKELIHOOD of that particular BEHAVIOR?
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Decrease
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This area is implicated in IMAGINING or SIMULATING REWARDS.
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The Orbitofrontal Cortex
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Emotional processing is often processed in the ________ hemisphere, resulting in the left side of the face being more emotive.
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Right Hemisphere
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Volitional facial paresis results in the inability to display a complete _______ smile, while still being able to display a _________ smile.
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1) FAKE
2) Genuine/real |
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This area of the brain is thought to link SENSORY information to EMOTIONAL information.
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The Amygdala
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This are of the brain may INHIBIT aggression, and is activated by this neurotransmitter.
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Orbiotfrontal cortex; Seratonin (5-HT)
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In low doses, how does alcohol create a stimulant effect?
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In low doses, alcohol BLOCKS NMDA causing an INCREASE of DOPAMINE in NAcc
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In high doses, how does alcohol create a depressant effect?
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In high doses alcohol facilitates GABA receptor ACTIVATION
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There is a good correlation between the "ADDICTIVENESS" of a drug and its ability to activate this system.
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Nucleus accumbens dopaminergic system
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PRETREATMENT with one drug INCREASES the likelihood of addiction to a DIFFERENT drug through this process.
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Cross-Sensitization
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Increasing _______ in the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INCREASES the "LIKING" without increasing the "wanting."
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Opioids!
(Dopamine increases WANTING and NOT LIKING) |
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Drugs lead to ABERRANT learning because they cause a dopamine signal that normal encodes an _________ reward.
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UNEXPECTED reward
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Stress activates the HPA axis, causing levels of this so-called "stress hormone" to increase.
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Cortisol or Glucocorticoids
(Corticosterone in rodents) |
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The "Flight or Fight" component of the STRESS RESPONSE leads to INCREASED levels of these two neurotransmitters in the body.
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
(adrenaline and noradrenaline ok too) |
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Depressed persons have HIGH levels of _______, possibly due to reduced HPA ________.
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1) CORTISOL/GLUCOCORTICOIDS
2) Sensitivity or negative feedback or sensitivity to negative feed back |
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Early life stress may lead to disrupted _____ in adulthood.
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HPA AXIS FUNCTIONING.
-Have HIGHER levels -LESS neg feedback -PROLONGED acute stress response |
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These 4 psychological factors modulate how we respond to stress
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1) Control
2) Predictability 3) Outlets/Displacement 4) Habituation |
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This term describes the effect of BETTER RECALL for the FIRST items in a list.
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Primacy effect
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Prefrontal cortex neurons fire during this phase of the "DELAYED RESPONSE TASK"?
(cue/delay/response) |
DELAY
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What type(s) of information do PFC neurons encode?
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Both SPATIAL/LOCATION & OBJECT IDENTITY
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Dopamine has this effect on PFC functioning?
(compare low vs medium vs high levels) |
Improves PREFERENCE CODING (preferred activity stands out from non-preferred activity).
-Decreases overall firing rate Optimum Dopa. levels = Optimum PFC function Too much/Too little = Suboptimum PFC function |
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After presentation of many distractors, PFC neurons _______ their selectivity.
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Remember/Retain/Maintain
(PFC neurons resist distraction) |
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Remembering your first day of school is an example of this LONG-TERM MEMORY.
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Episodic memory
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This area of the brain contributes to FEAR CONDITIONING.
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The Amygdala
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Scrub Jays will prefer to search for peanuts over worms if what condition is met?
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The worms were OLD/ decaying/ not fresh
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HIPPOCAMPAL place cells likely contribute to this important part of EPISODIC memory.
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RELATIONAL memory
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The HIPPOCAMPUS provides a(n) ______ for memories stored in ________.
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1) Index
2) The Cortex |
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Leptin acts as a (Satiety/Hunger) signal by EXCITING these neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
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1) Satiety
2) CART/ MSH |