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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anxiety-related Disorders: Anxiety Disorders |
Specific Phobias, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Anxiety-related Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders |
Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder |
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Anxiety-related Disorders: Trauma- and Stressor- related Disorders |
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder |
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Mood-related Disorders: Depressive Disorders |
Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder |
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Mood- related Disorders: Bipolar Disorders |
Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder |
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Anxiety Disorders - Specific Phobia: Clinical Picture |
- Disruptive fear of particular OBJECT or SITUATION - FEAR > actual threat - Aware fear is excessive - Must cause distress or impairment -MORE MORE MORE |
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Anxiety Disorders - Specific Phobias: Categories |
- Animal: snakes, insects - Natural environment: storms, water - Blood, injection, injury: needles - Situational: Elevators, flying - Other: if fall under none of the 4 |
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Anxiety Disorders - Specific Phobias: Facts and Stats |
- Women > Men (4:1) - Seen worldwide (objects of fear vary) - Treatment seeking is low - Age of onset: ----- Situational --> older (20s) -----The rest --> childhood- adolescence |
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Anxiety Disorders - Panic Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Frequent uncued panic attacks unrelated to specific situations - Uncued attacks: expected - Cued attacks: triggered (e.g., phobia) - Anxiety - The panic cycle: Bodily sensation --> Panic attack --> High anxiety --> fear of fear |
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Anxiety Disorders - Panic Disorder: Facts and Sats |
- 4.7% lifetime prevalence (US) - Exists worldwide - 8-12% - occasional panic attacks - Women > men - Onset late adolescence - early adult - 60% have nocturnal attacks |
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Anxiety Disorders - Agoraphobia: Clinical Picture |
Anxiety about certain public situations (crowds, malls) -- inability to flee or obtain help |
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Anxiety Disorders- Agoraphobia: Facts and Stats |
1.7% lifetime prevalence |
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Anxiety Disorders - Social Anxiety Disorder |
- Intense fear of social situations -----Fear of negative evaluation, embarassment, blushing, sweating. - Situation- specific (public speaking or broad) |
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Anxiety Disorders - Social Anxiety Disorder: Facts and Stats |
- 12.1% lifetime prevalence (US) - Women = men - Onset in childhood adolescence - Culturally - specific presentations (ex. fear of offending in Japan) |
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Anxiety Disorder - Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Excessive, uncontrollable worry - unproductive, chronic, minor, daily events (health, finances) - Other symptoms: irritability, restlessness, fatigue, tension |
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Anxiety Disorder - Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Facts and Stats |
- 5.7% Prevalence (US) - similar rates around the world -2/3 women - Adult onset - gradual, common in older adults |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Repetitive thought and urges (obsessions)- intrusive, persistent, and uncontrollable -Repetitive behaviors/mental acts (compulsions) - extremely difficult to resist, may not be logically linked to obsession |
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Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: Common Obsession and Compulsion links |
- symmetry --> ordering, arranging, repeating - cleaning & contamination --> Washing, cleaning - Hoarding --> collecting, saving -Forbidden thoughts or actions --> checking |
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Obsessive - Compulsive Disorders: Worries can FEEL real |
- Imagine you were truly fearful you would accidently set a fire in your room? - What would you do to minimize this fear? - Get rid of all flammable objects and firestarters, constantly check on stove, outlets, etc. (or completely stay away from using them) -Say prayers, and perform rituals to keep safe |
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Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: Facts and Stats |
- 1.8% lifetime prevalence (US) 10-15% normal college students "checks" - Looks similar across cultures - Women = Men - Boys > girls - 50% seek treatment - Onset late adolescence - adult - 1/3 develops in children |
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Trauma and stress related disorders - Post- traumatic Stress Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Severe stressor - traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or injury (learning about trauma, repeated exposure to details) - Extreme reponse - Symptoms presents for more than a month |
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Post- Traumatic Stress Disorders: PTSD Symptoms Categories |
- Re-experinecing the traumatic events ----- Nightmares, intrusive thoughts - Avoidance of stimuli (association) - Other mood and cognitive changes ----other mood and cognitive changes - Increased arousal and reactivity ------E.g., irritability, aggressiveness, startle response |
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Post - Traumatic Stress Disorders: Facts and Stats |
- 6.8% lifetime prevalence (US) - Most common traumas - combat, sexual assault - Trauma is necessary, not sufficient -------50-60% of adults will experience trauma ------- 4.7% of those experiencing combat - Onset any age |
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Acute Stress Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Symptoms similar to PTSD ----- 3 days - 1 month after trauma - 50% go on to develop PTSD - Allows insurance coverage --> prevention - SOCIAL SUPPORT |
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Acute Stress Disorder: Prevalence rates |
- Any anxiety-related disorders --> very common (US) - 18% of adults in past year - ~30% in lifetime - Symptoms can range from mild-severe Comorbiditieis common - Other anxiety disoderes (50%) - Other mental disorders (75%) - depression, substance use disorders - Health disorders (migranes, cardiovascular disease) |
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Course of Illness |
- Varied (some improve, some get worse, some flutuate) - OCD, PTSD, Panic Disorder, - Persistent: Specific phobias, GAD (develops gradually), agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder |
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Anxiety- related Risk Factors: Biological |
- Genetic ---- ~0.5 heritability - specific anxiety-related disorders ----- Tendency to be uptight, tense, anxious - Evolutionary preparedness, ----- Phobias, social anxiety |
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Anxiety- related Risk Factors: Biological(Brain Features) |
- Impairment in limbic system? ------ Brain stem: monitors change in body function ------Limbic system: mediates btw brain stem and cortex --- Amygdala (threat reponse, learning, memory) ---- Hippocampus (threat response, learning, memory) Cortex: regulating limbic system |
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Anxiety- related Risk Factors: Biological (brain features - Neurochemical Features) |
- Chronic increased cortisol - lowers ability to turn off stress response (cell death in hippocampus - Stress response system impacts other systems (limbic system, brain stem, prefrontal cortex, and neurotransmitter systems) - seratonin (mood, impulsive), GABA (anxiety inhibition, motor control), Norepinephrine (fight or flight), |
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Anxiety - related Risk Factors: Psychobiological Risk Factors |
- Temperament (inherited?): - Behavioral inhibition (shy, cautious, anxious) ----- Anxiety infants --> anxious children/adolescents Neuroticism (negative emotional reactions) ----- More negative emotions --> more emotional disorders |
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Anxiety -related Rik Factors: Psychological- Cognitions |
- Perceived lack of control - Negative beliefs about future - Anxiety sensitivity |
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Anxiety -related Rik Factors: Psychological- Learning Factors |
Two-factor model --- Event: scary experience/observation/ warning 1. Response to threat (classical conditioning) - dogs / parks / anxiety symptoms are scary 2. Anticipatory anxiety --> avoidance (operant conditioning) 3rd factor: Stressor activates biological vulnerability |
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Anxiety -related Rik Factors: Sociocultural |
- Family Factors: teaching caution, fear, typvial response to stress - Stressful life events: interpersonal stressors in particular |
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Major Depressive Episode: Clinical Picture |
Sad/empty mood and/or loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia) PLUS - Cognitive symptoms: worthlessness, guilt, decreased concentration, thoughts of death) - Physcal symptoms (appetitie/weight change, sleep changes, psychomotor changes, fatigue) --> 2+ week period --> Not a "normal" response to loss/stressor --> Typical episode: 2-9 months (untreated) --> NOT chronic course - 1+ major depressive episode - Additional ratings: Episode/ recurrence (35-85% 1+ episode), Severity (dimensional rating), Features (psychosis? Postpartum? Season? Anxious?), "unipolar depression" PREVALENCE 16.6% |
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Persistent Depressive Disorder: Clinical Picture |
- Chronic low mood for at least 2 years (no break of 2+ mons) - Lower intensity symptoms (typically) not more "severe" - chronic - May or may not have ALSO had major depressive episode - "double depression" ~ 20% - Used to be called "dysthymia" - Prevalence: 2.5% |
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Manic episode: Clinical picture |
- Elevated or irritable mood - AND persistently increased goal - directed activity or energy - lasting 1 week (< if severe) |
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Manic episode: Clinical picture - Cognitive symptoms |
Flight of ideas/ racing thoughts, grandiosity |
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Manic episode: Clinical picture- Physical symptoms |
Hyperactivity, decreased sleep, rapid speech) |
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Manic episode: Clinical picture- Behavioral symptoms |
increase in pleasurable high-risk activities |
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Hypomanic episode: clinical picture |
- - No marked impairnment in functioing - Shorter tie period (at least 4 days) |
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Bipolar Disorders: Bipolar I Disorder |
1. +/- depressive episodes 2. >= manic episode 3. +/- hypomanic episodes |
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Bipolar Disorders: Bipolar II Disorder |
1. >= major depressive episode 2. 0 full manic episode 3. >= 1 hypomanic episode |
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Bipolar Other facts |
- 10-15% Bipolar II --> Bipolar - Specifiers ( psychosis, rapid cycling) - Chronic course (overall pattern, not each episode) - PREVALENCE: 3.9% |
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Cyclothymic Disorder: Cilinical Picture |
- Hypomania AND lower-intensity symptoms of depression - 2-year duration - 15-50% will go on to develop Bipolar I or II disorder - Chronic Course -Prevalenece ~ 1.5% |
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Cyclothymic Disorder: Facts and Stats |
- Common: Any mood disorder: 20.8% - Lots of Comorbidity - Suicide' - Not actually as "polar" as we think ------- 70% in depressive episode also had some manic symptoms |
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Other influential factors: Gender |
- Depressive disorders: Women > Men (70% women, wordwide) - Bipolar disorders: Women = Men |
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Other influential factors: Culture |
- Depressive disorders: cultural variability (prevalence; symptoms) - Bipolar: nor as much culturally variability |
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Other infuential factors: Typical age onset |
- Depressive disorders: adulthood (variable, more than 50% over 65) - Bipolar: late adolescence, acute onset not usually after 40 |
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Mood Disorders: RISK FACTORS |
Heritability estimates: .37 - .5 depressive disorders ---> higher in women; enviorment --> men .75 - .80 for Bipolar Disorders - Genetics of mania - distinct - Maina - schizophernia -Depressive = anxiety disorders |
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MD Risk Factors: Biological - Prefrontal cortex and limbic system |
· E.g., anterior cingulate cortex – goal pursuit, motivation · E.g., hippocampus and emotional learning |
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MD Risk Factors: Biological: Seratonin |
· Low serotonin? (absolute levels of NTs)· More nuanced: Serotonin à regulates mood ANDother NT systems (dopamine, norepinephrine) |
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MD Risk Factors: Biological: Dopamine |
· Drugs that increase dopamine --> hypomania · Sensitive reward circuits? (also a cognitivefactor!) some people have this |
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MD Risk Factors: Biological:Neurohormones |
· WTF is exactly going on with NTs?
· More attention on stress hypothesis o Stresshormones also regulate basic functions (e.g., sleep, appetite) o Endocrinediseases (disease (e.g., hypothyroidism) àdepression o Over-activestress response --> cortisol --> depression ---- Celldeath in the limbic system – NTs can’t do their job -----Similarto anxiety disorders? |
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MD Risk Factors: psycobiological |
- Temperment: Neuroticism (reacting with negative emotion) --> predicts onset of depression - Sleep and bipolar disorders: -----Sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm disruption as triggers? |
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MD Risk Factors: Psychological |
- Cognitive theories of depression: - Depressive Triad: Self, world, future - Hopelessness Theory ("learned helplessness") ---- Negative event --> stress --> helplessness and out of control --> anxiety --> hopeless about coping --> depression ----Attributions are : internal: my fault, stable: never going to change, global: will always be true |
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MD Risk Factors: Sociocultural |
- Stress and life events --> Onset ---- Interpersonal (social rejection) --> depression ---- Behavioral (goal achievment) --> mania ----But 50-80% of people who experience severe stress are fine! - Marginalized group status (discrimination, poverty, etc) - Social support (risk of depression if living alone, pets help) |
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Worry: |
Cognitive; concern about future threat - potential threat |
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Anxiety |
Emotional state; physical, cognitive, behavioral parts - approaching threat |
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Fear |
Specific threat response; physical arousal, imminent threat |
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What is mood? |
- temporary state of mind or feeling - Normal reactions to events (sadness, joy) |
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Mood disorders? |
- Extreme poles -Extremely happy or sad - Much more than just happy or sad |
