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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The tendency of a solution to take up water by osmosis is called
osmotic pressure. osmolarity pressure. isotonic pressure. hypertonic pressure. hypotonic pressure. |
osmotic pressure.
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The process of describes the transport of substances out of the kidney tubule and into the surrounding body fluids, while describes the process of transporting substances from the body fluid into the tubule.
secretion/excretion excretion/reabsorption secretion/reabsorption reabsorption/secretion excretion/secretion |
reabsorption/secretion
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The reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by ______________.
active transport carriers diffusion facilitated diffusion homeostasis |
active transport carriers
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Kidneys are thought to have evolved first among the _____________.
amphibians freshwater bony fishes saltwater bony fishes reptiles |
freshwater bony fishes
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Marine reptiles eliminate excess salt by means of _____________ located near the nose or the eye.
pores tubules salt glands scales |
salt glands
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The excretory organs in the insects create an excretory fluid by secreting K+ ions, which draw water osmotically. These organs branch off anterior to the hindgut and are called
flame cells. kidneys. Malpighian tubules. glomeruli. loops of Henle. |
Malpighian tubules.
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Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. This means that
the osmolality of their body fluids is not the same as their seawater environment. the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment. the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment and that their bodies contain the same solutes as their surroundings. the osmolality of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments. the osmolality of their body fluids fluctuates between being hypertonic to hyportonic depending on the season and the tides. |
the osmolality of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
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Select the incorrectly matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.
amphibians—isotonic marine reptiles—isotonic desert mammals—strongly hypertonic marine mammals—strongly hypertonic terrestrial birds—weakly hypertonic |
amphibians—isotonic
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Select the incorrectly matched organism and its nitrogenous waste product.
most fish—ammonia mammals—urea reptiles—uric acid birds—uric acid insects—ammonia |
insects—ammonia
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Which of the following best describes freshwater fish?
hyposmotic regulators hyposmotic conformers hyperosmotic regulators hyperosmotic conformers isosmotic conformers |
hyperosmotic regulators
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In the _________, a tuft of capillaries in the renal cortex, blood is filtered through the porous capillary walls.
renal cortex nephron glomerulus collecting duct flame cell |
glomerulus
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Each of the following is a part of the kidney except
the nephrons. the renal cortex. the renal medulla. the urinary bladder. Bowman's capsule. |
the urinary bladder.
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A function not associated with vertebrate kidneys is
filtration. hydrolysis. reabsorption. secretion. excretion. |
hydrolysis
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Osmoreceptors in which one of the following organs respond to elevated blood osmolality?
the adrenal cortex the adrenal medulla the hypothalamus the kidneys the heart |
the hypothalamus
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ADH makes the collecting ducts ____________.
impermeable to water more permeable to water less permeable to water semipermeable to water |
more permeable to water
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The cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron are called
axons. cell bodies. dendrites. neurons. synapses. |
dendrites
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The rapid inward diffusion of Na+ followed by the outward diffusion of K+ produces a rapid change in the membrane potential called a(n)
action potential. excitatory postsynaptic potential. saltatory conduction. monosynaptic reflex. depolarization. |
action potential.
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Impulses are conducted by myelinated axons by jumping from node to node in a process called a(n)
action potential. excitatory postsynaptic potential. saltatory conduction. monosynaptic reflex. depolarization. |
saltatory conduction.
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The electrical impulse travels outward from the cell body along a(n)
axon. dendrite. Ranvier cell. Schwann cell. synapse |
axon
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Neurons are supported both structurally and functionally by supporting cells which include
dendrites and nodes of Ranvier. neuroglia and nodes of Ranvier. Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes. dendrites, nodes of Ranvier, and neuroglia. neuroglia, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
neuroglia, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes.
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The white matter of CNS is formed by
myelinated axons. unmyelinated dendrites. cell bodies. unmylenated dendrites and cell bodies. unmylenated axons and cell bodies. |
myelinated axons.
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The membrane of a resting neuron is much more permeable to which of the following ion than any other ion?
Cl Ca2+ Na+ K+ H+ |
K+
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When nerve cells are not producing electrical responses, there is still a voltage difference across their membranes, termed the
channel-gate bias. electrolyte voltage. equilibrium potential. resting potential. ion current. |
resting potential.
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A shift in the membrane potential toward the positive direction and exceeding the threshold causes a(n)
resting potential. equilibrium potential. action potential. ion current. electrolyte bias. |
action potential.
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The junction between a neuron and another neuronal cell, muscle cell, or with a gland cell is called a(n)
axon. cell body. dendrite. neuronal gap. synapse. |
synapse
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A(n) _______________ diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft between the presynaptic axon and the postsynaptic cell to transmit a nerve impulse.
neurotransmitter electrical impulse Na+ ion vesicle action potential |
neurotransmitter
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The neurotransmitter that is released from the motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine. GABA. ephinephrine. dopamine. serotonin. |
acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine stimulates the opening of chemically-regulated ion channels, causing a depolarization called a(n)
neuromuscular junction. temporal summation. inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). synaptic integration. |
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
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The effect of myelin and nodes of Ranvier is to make nerve impulses travel
away from as well as toward the cell body. faster. in many directions at once. laterally from axon to axon. slower. |
faster
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The gap into which neurotransmitters are released is called a(n)
gap junction. synaptic cleft. postsynaptic membrane. presynaptic membrane. impulse channel. |
synaptic cleft.
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Biogenic amines include
epinephrine and norepinephrine. dopamine and serotonin. glycine and GABA. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glycine, and GABA. epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
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At the myelinated area of the axon (i.e., not at the node of Ranvier), which one of the following is true?
There is an increased number of voltage-gated sodium channels There is an increased resistance across membrane There is an increased capacitance across membrane There is an increased transport of potassium across membrane |
There is an increased resistance across membrane
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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the possible effects that addictive drugs have on the nervous system?
Cocaine binds to dopamine transporter proteins on the presynaptic membrane, thus more dopamine is left in the synapse for a longer period of time Cocaine affects neurons in the limbic system, otherwise known as the “pleasure center” Nicotine binds directly to receptors on the presynaptic membrane Nicotine is not naturally produced in the body Nicotine binds to a class of receptors in the brain that normally binds the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
Nicotine binds directly to receptors on the presynaptic membrane
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Which of the following drugs has been discovered to bind to acetylcholine receptors?
serotonin reuptake inhibitors thorazine cocaine codeine nicotine |
nicotine
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All of the animal phyla listed have a network of nerve cells for gathering information from the environment except
sponges. cnidaria. platyhelminthes. nematoda. mollusca. |
sponges
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The hippocampus and amygdala are, together with the hypothalamus, the major components of the ______ system.
reticular-activating reflex parasympathetic limbic autonomic |
limbic
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The spinal cord is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column and layers of membranes called
neural net. white matter. dorsal root. meninges. viscera. |
meninges
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In the brain, the _______ receive(s) sensory information from ascending nerve tracts and motor commands from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
basal ganglia pituitary gland parietal lobe thalamus medula oblongata |
basal ganglia
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Which of the following is an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc?
Knee-jerk reflex Withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove Blinking of an eye in response to a puff of air Cutaneous spinal reflex Knee-jerk reflex and cutaneous spinal reflex |
Knee-jerk reflex
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The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of all of the following except
skeletal muscles. cardiac muscles. glands of the body. smooth muscles. none of these |
skeletal muscles.
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The primary function of the hindbrain in vertebrates is
temperature control. integration of sensory data. memory storage. control of the heartbeat. coordination of motor reflexes. |
coordination of motor reflexes.
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The cerebrum consists of all of the following hemispheres except the
frontal. parietal. optic. temporal. occipital. |
optic
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The site of primary sensory integration in the brain is called the
medulla oblongata. cerebrum. cerebellum. thalamus. corpus callosum. |
thalamus
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The region of the brain that integrates visceral activities, body temperature, and heartbeat is the
medulla oblongata. cerebrum. hypothalamus. thalamus. corpus callosum. |
hypothalamus
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In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against
each other. the exoskeleton. a hydrostatic skeleton. mineralized bones. the pseudocoel. |
the exoskeleton.
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The human skeleton is a typical vertebrate
endoskeleton. exoskeleton. hydraulic skeleton. axial skeleton only. appendicular skeleton only. |
endoskeleton
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The chemical released by somatic motor neurons is
noradrenaline. adrenaline. acetylcholine. sarcocholine. sarcoadrenaline. |
acetylcholine
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In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein _______.
troponin tropomyosin actin myosin |
troponin
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The structure causing the muscle depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the ______.
T tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum motor unit sarcomere |
T tubule
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Which of the following is the smallest unit in terms of size?
fascicle myofibril fiber nuclei myofilaments |
myofilaments
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Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin?
calcium ATP phosphate troponin tropomyosin |
ATP
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Sustained contraction is called
twitching. summation. tetanus. recruitment. isometric binding. |
tetanus
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Myofibril contractile subunits, the sarcomeres, are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the
H line. I line. I zone. Z line. Z frame. |
Z line.
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A cross bridge is the binding of which two proteins?
actin and myosin actin and troponin myosin and troponin collagen and troponin myosin and collagen |
actin and myosin
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All input from sensory neurons to the central nervous system arrives in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent sensory neurons. Perception of the stimuli about type and intensity depend on the projection of the impulse to which part of the brain and its frequency by the sensory neuron.
action potentials receptor potentials reflexes frequency localizations thresholds |
action potentials
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The mechanism by which sensory information is conveyed to the CNS is composed of which sequential steps?
stimulation and transduction transmission and interpretation neurotransmitter release and ion flow through the synaptic cleft stimulation, transduction, transmission, and interpretation stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation, and neurotransmitter release |
stimulation, transduction, transmission, and interpretation
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The simplest sensory receptors are __________ that respond to mechanical distortion, changes in temperature, or specific chemicals.
nociceptors free nerve endings gated channels photoreceptors ganglia |
free nerve endings
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The Organ of Corti consists of the
sensory apparatus consisting of the basilar membrane. the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane. hair cells with associated neurons. hair cells with associated neurons and the tectorial membrane. the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, and hair cells. |
the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, and hair cells.
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Exteroceptors can sense all of the following stimuli except
gravity. smell. light. muscle tension. sound. |
muscle tension.
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Interoceptors can recognize all of the following stimuli except
limb position. pain. gravity. body temperature. muscle length. |
gravity
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All of the following are mechanoreceptors except
Meissner's corpuscles. Ruffini endings. Merkel cells. red corpuscles. Pacinian corpuscles. |
red corpuscles.
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Different nociceptors may respond to all of the following except
extremes in temperature. very intense mechanical stimulation. specific chemicals in the extracellular fluid. chemicals released by injured cells. external odorant molecules. |
external odorant molecules.
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Which of the following constitute the vestibular apparatus?
saccule and utricle semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle ampullae of Lorenzini Merkel cells saccule, utricle, and ventricle |
semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle
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In the ear, high frequency sounds tend to
displace the whole length of the basilar membrane with a maximum near the apex. move only the basal portion of the basilar membrane. move only the apex portion of the basilar membrane. move only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex. only move the tectorial membrane. |
move only the basal portion of the basilar membrane.
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Because of the differential orientation of two chambers of the membranous labyrinth, vertebrates are able to perceive their position in space. The _______ is more sensitive to horizontal acceleration and the _______ to vertical acceleration.
sacrum/vacuole antrum/saccule saccule/vacuole utricle/saccule sacrum/utricle |
utricle/saccule
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When stimulated by the binding of specific chemicals, the proteins in the membranes of taste bud receptors and olfactory neurons
depolarize. repolarize. become polarized. produce action potentials. release neurotransmitters. |
depolarize
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Which of the following receptors does not involve depolarization leading to an action potential in a sensory neuron?
mechanoreceptors G-protein receptors chemoreceptors photoreceptors exteroceptors and interoceptors |
photoreceptors
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The sensory structures that enable the brains of most invertebrates to determine the orientation of the body with respect to gravity are called
carotid bodies. statocysts. Ruffini endings. baroreceptors. interoceptors. |
statocysts
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Which of the following constitute the vestibular apparatus?
saccule and utricle semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle ampullae of Lorenzini Merkel cells saccule, utricle, and ventricle |
semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle
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In the vertebrate eye, the light is focused onto the
pupil. lens. retina. sclera. iris. |
retina
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The photopigment of rods is called
photopsin. rhodopsin. opsin. carotene. melanin. |
rhodopsin
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Which of the following cells are not found in the retina?
rods cones bipolar cells glial cells ganglion cells |
glial cells
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Which sense receptor cell directly produces an action potential?
hearing olfactory equilibrium vision touch |
olfactory
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Marine invertebrates in which the salinity of body fluids changes with the osmotic potential of their environments are known as
osmoconformers osmoregulators osmoexcretors hypotonic hypertonic |
osmoconformers
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Protonephridia achieve water balance by
Secretion and reabsorption Active transport Eliminating salts Secretion of salts Secretion of water |
Secretion and reabsorption
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Organisms living in a freshwater environment normally
excrete copious dilute urine and retain salts excrete a small volume of dilute urine and retain salts excrete copious concentrated urine conserve both water and salts |
excrete copious dilute urine and retain salts
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Saltwater fish achieve water balance by
Excreting water Retaining salts Drinking salt water and excreting salts Excreting salts with a nasal salt gland |
Drinking salt water and excreting salts
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Which of the following molecules is most toxic to cells?
Sodium chloride Ammonia Urea Uric acid |
Ammonia
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Which process drives the process of filtration from the capillaries into the glomerulus?
Active transport Arterial blood pressure Venous blood pressure Osmotic pressure Secretion |
Arterial blood pressure
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An important function of the proximal convoluted tubule is _____.
Filtration of NaCl Reabsorption of water Countercurrent heat exchange Production of urea Secretion of water |
Reabsorption of water
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Valuable molecules like glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are mostly readsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron?
Bowman’s capsule Collecting duct Glomerulus Loop of Henle Proximal convoluted tubule |
Proximal convoluted tubule
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Neurons that transmit information from sensory cells to the central nervous system are part of the
peripheral nervous system nerve net spinal cord brain |
peripheral nervous system
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Functions of glia cells include all of the following except
support developing neurons supply nutrients insulate nerves conduct impulses consume foreign particles |
conduct impulses
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Which of the following describes the mechanism of voltage-gated channel proteins?
If membrane voltage reaches threshold potential, ions are pumped through If membrane voltage reaches threshold potential, ions can diffuse through Ions are pumped through to maintain existing membrane voltage When gates close, membrane voltage changes |
If membrane voltage reaches threshold potential, ions can diffuse through
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What happens when Na+ channels open and sodium ions diffuse into axon?
Cell becomes hyperpolarized K+ ions also diffuse out Voltage-gated K+ channels open simultaneously Action potential triggered Negatively charged proteins also diffuse out |
Action potential triggered
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The rising phase of action potentials ends when
Na+ inactivation gates close Voltage-gated K+ channels open Voltage-gated K+ channels closes 1, 2, and 3 1 and 2 |
1 and 2
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Saltatory conduction results when
continuous propagation of the nerve impulse speeds up a nerve impulse jumps from one neuron to another threshold for an action potential is suddenly increased action potentials spread from node to node down the axon |
action potentials spread from node to node down the axon
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Most nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells by means of
electrical signals that pass across synapses chemical signals that pass across synapses pressure waves that “bump” the postsynaptic cell membrane Na+ ions as they are released from one cell and enter the next |
chemical signals that pass across synapses
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When the neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft,
it automatically causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane it can be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of postsynaptic membrane it must move through nodes in the myelin sheath a single molecule is sufficient to trigger activation of the postsynaptic membrane |
it can be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of postsynaptic membrane
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What is the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase?
Release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic membrane is inhibited Synthesis of neurotransmitter in cells is inhibited Breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synapse is inhibited Stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane is inhibited |
Breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synapse is inhibited
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Sarcomeres
slide past one another as muscles contract contain only actin are muscle units containing the sliding filament mechanism contain only myosin |
are muscle units containing the sliding filament mechanism
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Muscle relaxation requires
oxygen ATP ADP actin |
ATP
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Ca2+ is required for muscle contraction because it
opens voltage-gated channels transfers the action potential across the neuromuscular junction uncovers myosin binding sites links motor units together |
uncovers myosin binding sites
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Stimuli cause a depolarization in the dendrite membrane of a sensor. This leads directly to
generation of an action potential beginning of a depolarization wave generation of a receptor potential integration by the brain |
generation of a receptor potential
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When stereocilia of hair cells are bent, hair cells then
trigger muscle contraction release neurotransmitter undergo action potentials become less sensitive |
release neurotransmitter
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The Golgi tendon organ
causes muscles to relax and protects against tearing senses light touch increases muscle contraction is found in high density on lips and fingertips |
causes muscles to relax and protects against tearing
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Hair cells in the ear that give auditory information are concentrated in the
Oval window Tympanic membrane Organ of Corti Semicircular canal |
Organ of Corti
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What is the physiological basis for the auditory system’s ability to distinguish different sound frequencies?
Three bones of the middle ear respond differentially Loops of the semicircular canals respond differentially Oval and round windows respond differently Different sections of the basilar membrane respond differently |
Different sections of the basilar membrane respond differently
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Which of the following statements about the photosensitive molecule rhodopsin is false?
Opsin is converted from the 11-cis to the all-trans form upon absorbing a photon of light The retinal is the light-absorbing group Photoexcited rhodopsin triggers a cascade of reactions that ultimately alters the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell Rhodopsin is imbedded in the membrane of the rods |
Opsin is converted from the 11-cis to the all-trans form upon absorbing a photon of light
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Activation of rhodopsin molecules by light leads to
Opening of Na+ channels Closing of Na+ channels Activation of other rhodopsin molecules Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters |
Closing of Na+ channels
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Activation of rhodopsin molecules by light leads to
Opening of Na+ channels Closing of Na+ channels Activation of other rhodopsin molecules Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters |
Closing of Na+ channels
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Vertebrates rely on information from which sensory structure to keep their balance?
Basilar membrane Otoliths Statocyst Vestibular apparatus |
Vestibular apparatus
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Sensitivity of the sense of smell is proportional to
the size of the nose number of capillaries in the nose density of olfactory nerve endings in nose body temperature |
density of olfactory nerve endings in nose
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When an individual rod cell is stimulated with light, its membrane potential
becomes more negative becomes more positive begins to generate action potentials is unchanged |
becomes more negative
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Which of the following cells in the human visual system send information directly to the brain?
Amacrine cells Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Rods and cones |
Ganglion cells
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Which of the following cells in the human visual system send information directly to the brain?
Amacrine cells Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Rods and cones |
Ganglion cells
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A difference between rods and cones is
Cones are more sensitive at low light intensity Cones provide greater acuity of vision Rods are necessary for color vision Strictly nocturnal animals have more cones than rods |
Cones provide greater acuity of vision
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The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is referred to as
A. osmosis. B. active transport. C. facilitated diffusion. D. countercurrent flow. |
A. osmosis.
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The reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and many other molecules needed by the body is driven by _______________.
A. active transport carriers B. diffusion C. facilitated diffusion D. homeostasis |
A. active transport carriers
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In mammals, the degradation product of purine nucleotides is ____________.
A. urine B. ammonia C. nitric acid D. uric acid |
B. ammonia
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In the __________, a tuft of capillaries in the renal cortex, blood is filtered through the porous capillary walls.
A. renal cortex B. nephron C. glomerulus D. flame cell |
C. glomerulus
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An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by
A. inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct. B. decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water. C. causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water. D. inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus. |
C. causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.
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The excretory organs in the insects create an excretory fluid by secreting K+ ions, which draw water osmotically. These organs branch off anterior to the hindgut and are called
A. flame cells. B. Malpighian tubules. C. glomeruli. D. loops of Henle. |
B. Malpighian tubules.
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Vertebrate urine production involves
I-using the higher blood pressure to push water through a filter, along with water, small molecules pass into the filtrate. II-cells and proteins are retained in the blood, water is reabsorbed as the filtrate is passing through a long tube. III-ammonia produced as the metabolic breakdown is excreted. A. just I B. just II C. II and III D. I, II, and III E. I and II |
E. I and II
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In vertebrates, the ______ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
A. peripheral B. central C. somatic D. autonomic |
B. central
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The neurotransmitter that is released from the motor neuron, and the one that functions at the neuromuscular junction is ...,
A. acetylcholine. B. ephinephrine. C. dopamine. D. serotonin. |
A. acetylcholine.
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The cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron are called
A. axons. B. cell bodies. C. dendrites. D. synapses. |
C. dendrites.
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The rapid inward diffusion of Na+ followed by the outward diffusion of K+ produces a rapid change in the membrane potential called a(n)
A. action potential. B. excitatory postsynaptic potential. C. saltatory conduction. D. depolarization. |
A. action potential.
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Action potentials are regenerated along an axon as one action potential serves as the
A. action potential stimulus for the next action potential. B. excitatory postsynaptic potential stimulus for the next action potential. C. saltatory conduction stimulus for the next action potential. D. depolarization stimulus for the next action potential. |
D. depolarization stimulus for the next action potential.
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The junction between a neuron and another neuronal cell, muscle cell, or with a gland cell is called a(n)
A. cell body. B. dendrite. C. neuronal gap. D. synapse. |
D. synapse.
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The nervous system that regulates activity in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body is referred to as the _____________ system.
A. limbic B. autonomic C. sympathetic D. parasympathetic |
B. autonomic
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The electrical impulse travels outward from the cell body along a(n)
A. axon. B. dendrite. C. Ranvier cell. D. Schwann cell. |
A. axon.
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For each 3 Na+ ions pumped outward, the sodium-potassium pump takes in
A. 3 Cl-. B. 2 K+. C. 3 K+. D. 2 NaCl molecules. |
B. 2 K+.
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The effect of myelin and nodes of Ranvier is to make nerve impulses travel
A. away from as well as toward the cell body. B. faster. C. in many directions at once. D. laterally from axon to axon. |
B. faster.
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Which of the following multicellular animals lack nerves?
A. sponges B. cnidarians C. platyhelminthes D. arthropods |
A. sponges
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Which of the following is required to detach myosin from actin?
A. calcium B. ATP C. phosphate D. troponin |
B. ATP
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In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against
A. each other. B. the exoskeleton. C. a hydrostatic skeleton. D. mineralized bones. |
B. the exoskeleton.
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The muscle fiber contracts by a sequence of events initiated by the acetylcholine. Which of the following is the correct sequence?
I-The calcium-troponin complex pulls away tropomyosin from the myosin binding sites of actin. II-The freed-sites of actin now can bind to myosin to form cross bridges. III-Calcium ion binds to the troponin. A. I, III, and II B. III, II, and I C. II, III, and I D. I, II, and III E. III, I, and II |
E. III, I, and II
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Impulses conducted along the transverse tubules of the muscle fiber stimulate the release of
A. ATP. B. the binding of actin and myosin. C. tropomyosin and troponin binding. D. calcium ions. |
D. calcium ions.
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The structure causing the muscle depolarization to travel deep into the muscle fiber is the _______.
A. T tubule B. sarcoplasmic reticulum C. motor unit D. sarcomere |
A. T tubule
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In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein ________.
A. troponin B. tropomyosin C. actin D. myosin |
A. troponin
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The repeating units of myofibrils are made from contractile subunits called sarcomeres. Which of these is not part of the sarcomere's structure?
A. A band B. Z line C. I band D. C line |
D. C line
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_________ is a sustained muscle contraction.
A. Tetanus B. A fast-twitch C. Tension D. A slow-twitch |
A. Tetanus
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All input from sensory neurons to the central nervous system arrives in the same form, as ____________ propagated by afferent sensory neurons. Perception of the stimuli about type and intensity depend on the projection of the impulse to which part of the brain and its frequency by the sensory neuron.
A. action potentials B. receptor potentials C. reflexes D. frequency localizations |
A. action potentials
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Exteroceptors can sense all of the following stimuli except
A. gravity. B. smell. C. light. D. muscle tension. |
D. muscle tension.
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Which of the following cells are not found in the retina?
A. rods B. bipolar cells C. glial cells D. ganglion cells |
C. glial cells
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Our visual acuity is greatest when
A. an image is focused on the rods outside the fovea. B. an image is focused on the cones outside the fovea. C. an image is focused on the rods of the fovea. D. an image is focused on the cones of the fovea. |
D. an image is focused on the cones of the fovea.
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__________ are phagocytes that circulate in the blood.
A. B cells B. macrophages C. Plasma cells D. T cells |
C. Plasma
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_________ are molecules released by activated helper T cells.
A. Antigens B. Immunoglobulins C. Cytokines D. Antibodies |
C. Cytokines
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Nonself molecules called antigens cause the vertebrate system to produce proteins known as
A. interferons. B. antibodies. C. complements. D. phagocytes. |
B. antibodies.
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Select the incorrect statement regarding the inflammatory response.
A. The inflammation response is a localized specific response to infection or injury. B. If a cell is injured or infected, it releases chemical alarm signals that promote dilation of blood vessels at the injury site. C. The alarm signals can be histamines or prostaglandins. D. Tissue can exhibit edema from the dilation of the blood vessels in the area of injury or infection. |
A. The inflammation response is a localized specific response to infection or injury.
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