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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes
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proto-oncogenes
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mutations that alter the expression of proto-oncogenes can activate them to function as
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oncogenes
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function to regulate cell growth
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tumor suppressor genes
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the difference between benign and malignant tumors is that benign neoplasms are ____ differentiated and malignant neoplasms range fro ____ differentiated to _________
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well, well, undifferentiated
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many _____, or cancer causing agents capable of producing cellular alterations, are detoxified by protective enzymes and are harmlessly excreted
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carcinogens
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when cells are exposed to a source of _____ damage occurs to 1 or both strands of DNA and has been shown to correlate with certain malignancies.
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radiation
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the progression or final stage of cancer is characterized by increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and spread of the cancer to a distant site. this process is known as
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metastasis
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the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself is termed
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tumor angiogenesis
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cancer cells may display altered cell surface antigens and these antigens are termed
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tumor-associated antigens
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the response of the immune system to antigens of the malignant cells is termed
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immunologic surveillance
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originate from embryonal ectoderm & endoderm
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carcinomas
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originate from embryonic mesoderm
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sarcomas
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in ____ ____ of tumors, the appearance of cells & the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically.
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histologic grading
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classifying the extent and spread of disease is termed
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staging
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_____ ___ ____ has its own designation in the system because it has all the histologic characteristics of cancer except invasion - a primary feature of the TNM staging system
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carcinoma in situa
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the use of chemicals as a systemic therapy for cancer is called
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chemotherapy
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many chemotherapeutic agents can be either irritants or
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vesicants
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_____ (external beam radiation) is the most common form of radiation tx delivery
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teletherapy
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radiation can also be delivered as _________, which means "close" or internal radiation tx.
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brachytherapy
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monitoring the complete blood count is critical in pts receiving radiation and/or chemo. it is typical for pts to experience the lowest blood counts, called the _____, between 7-10 days after initiation of therapy.
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nadir
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____ ____, or biologic response modifier therapy, consists of agents that modify the relationship btwn the host and the tumor by altering the biologic response of the host to the tumor cells
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biologic therapy
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____ ____ interferes w/cancer growth by targeting specific cellular receptors & pathways that are important for tumor growth
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targeted therapy
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____ _____ ____ and ____ ____ _____ _____ are effective lifesaving procedures for a number of malignant & nonmalignant diseases
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bone marrow transplantation and peripheral stemp cell transplantation
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terminology is continually evolving and bone marrow and peripheral stem cell transplantation are typically referred to in general as ___ ___ ____ _____
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hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
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