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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality is
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an aggregate of the physical and mental qualities of the individual as these interact in characteristic fashion with his/her environment.
Expressed through behavior Distinguishes one person from another; gives us a unique identity Ever-changing and developing - possible for people of all ages to make changes to their personality Rationale underlying all psychotherapuetic interactions |
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Why is Freud important?
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Developed a foundation for other theories
First to stress importance of early childhood experiences Known as "Psychosexual Theory" of development |
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Intrapsychic
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Freud emphasized this, the internal emotional life
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Libidinal energy
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Freud believed that people are born with psychic energy called libidinal energy that focuses on different parts of the body during different developmental stages. Drives us to seek pleasure and avoid tension/pain.
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Freud's levels of consciousness
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Conscious - aware of here and now; awake; rational behavior
Preconscious or subconscious - ideas and reactions stores or partially forgotten Unconscious - larges part of mind. Hidden part of iceberg. Stores memories, feelings, responses, during life. (dreams, slips of the tongue, psychotic symptoms). Reason that "All Behavior Has Meaning" |
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Freud's 3 levels of personality
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Id, Ego, Superego
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Id
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First level of personality, Unconscious; primitive, instinctual drives, immediate satisfaction. Sorce of libidinal energy. Pleasure principle.
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Ego
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Freud's second level of personality. Conscious, acceptable compromise between id and superego. Reality testing, rational, reasonable.
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Superego
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Freud's third level of personality. Develops last, Unconcious. Result of socialization. Inhibits ID, establishes prohibitions, standards that are very rigid and not realistic.
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5 stages of Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Theory
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Oral - 0-12 to 18mo
Anal - 18mo to 3 Phallic - 4 to 5 Latent - 6 to 12 Genital - 13 to 18 (Freud felt development was complete at 18) |
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Oral stage
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Freud's first Psychosexual stage 0-18mo - Child's libidinal energy is focused on the mouth: sucking, feeding. Singular focus on self (primary narcissism).
Feeling of all-powerful (omnipotence). Focuses on needs of ID Food and love are synonymous |
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Anal stage
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Freud's 2nd stage: 1-3yrs
Libidinal energy shifts to anal area, ex: potty training Superego begins to develop - society enforces certain rules/expectations Great stress may lead to extreme compulsions later - over cleanliness, etc. |
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Phallic Stage
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Freud's 3rd stage: 3-6yrs
Examine purposefully their own bodies and bodies of playmates Castration fears, penis envy Sibling rivalry (birth of sibling during this time difficult for child) Oedipus complex, girls want to marry daddy Identify w/ same-sex parent and role Height of Superego development Guilt may develop if stage not successfully resolved |
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Latency Stage
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Freud's 4th stage: 6-12 yrs
Libidinal energy not focused on any 1 area Nothing psychosexually significant, child is stable and even-tempered |
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Genital Stage
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Freud's final psychosexual stage: 12-18yrs
Puberty and adolecence Initiated by the active functioning of sexual glands, individuals enter this stage at different ages Final stage - Libidinal energy reactivated (from latency). Lasts for rest of life but completed with relationship or mate. |
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Erik Erikson
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Student of Freud
Emphasized the ability of the ego to develop in a healthy adaptive manner and the need for an stable environment to foster that Believed personality development continues over lifespan Identified developmental tasks for each development period. As each task is achieved, ego is strengthened and odds of future success improve Positive and negative outcomes. |
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Development
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Trust vs Mistrust 0-1yr
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt 1-3yr Initiative vs Guilt 4-5 yr Industry vs Inferiority 6-12yr Identity vs Role confusion 13-18yr Intimacy vs Isolation 19-40yr Generativity vs Stagnation 40-60yr Ego-integrity vs Despair 60+ |
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Trust vs Mistrust
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Erikson's first - 0-1 yr
Mom is world, needs met by mom leads to trust in world |
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Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
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Erikson's 2nd stage 1-3yrs, Infant expresses interest in self and self-control, If treated as respected individual, develops self-respect. Otherwise doubt, shame
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Initiative vs Guilt
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Erikson's 3rd stage 4-5yrs, Child takes initiative to possess parent of opposite sex, fails but may turn failure into learning experience about how to be spouse - or feel guilty and foolish
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Industry vs Inferiority
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Erikson's 4th stage 6-12yrs, Achievements in school, sports, scouts set stage for attitudes toward industrial pursuits throughout life.
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Identity vs Role confusion
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Erikson's 5th stage, 13-18yrs, Withdraw from parents to develop own identity and ego, if not successful, may result in fragmented sense of self.
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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Erikson's 6th stage, 19-40yrs, Successfully integrate into culture/society (form family, career, carry on culture) or feel isolated and "out of place".
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Generativity vs Stagnation
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Erikson's 7th stage, 40-60yrs, find satisfaction and immortality in guiding the next generation or being active in community/society. Otherwise, become stagnant, self-absorbed and get little fulfillment from IPR with few goals.
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Ego-integrity vs Despair
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Erikson's 8th (final) stage, 60-death. Review life with satisfaction or despair.
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Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development
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4 stages - without specific ages but must move through one to get to next
Sensorimotor - movements and objects within sight are important Preoperational - (preconceptual and intuitive/cognitive) thoughts of only self move to thoughts of others. One idea at a time. Uses words to express thoughts Concrete operational - Develops logical thinking. Classification. Consideres others viewpoints Formal operational - rational, deductive reasoning, futuristic, abstract thinking, test beliefs, establish values and meaning in life |
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Cognitive Development (according to Piaget)
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Manner in which an individual learns to think and reason. Evolves in an orderly and sequential process. Influenced by a person's intelligence, perception, and ability to process information. Leads to complex problem-solving.
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development closely follows __________
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development
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Kohlberg's Theory has ___ levels of developmental reasoning that each include ____ levels of moral reasoning.
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3 Developmental levels, each with 2 moral development levels (6 stages of moral development)
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Kohlberg's first level of Developmental reasoning
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Preconventional -
Punishment and obedience Instrumental relativist orientation |
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Kohlberg's second level of Developmental reasoning
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Conventional -
Interpersonal concordance orientatino Law and Order orientation |
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Kohlberg's third level of Developmental reasoning
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Postconventional -
Social contract, legalistic orientation Universal-ethical-principle orientation |
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Carol Gilligan worked with ________ and developed her own theory of moral development built upon his.
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Kohlberg
felt his theory did not represent female viewpoint |
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Carol Gilligan believed MEN focus on ____, ____, and ____ while WOMEN focus on ____, _____, and ____
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Rights, Justice, Obligations
Response, Caring, Relating |
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Gilligan's 3 levels of moral development
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Level I - Selfishness (need to care for oneself - healthy and appropriate in some situations)
Level 2 - Goodness (shift from goodness to truth) Level 3 - Nonviolence (must understand self to care for self and others) |
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Key philosophies of Harry Stack Sullivan
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INTERPERSONAL theory of psychiatry
Believed most critical factor in personality development was relationship to other sig. people Nurses role with mentally ill focused on developing a relationship with them. |
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All theorist generally believe that successful resolution of an earlier stage of development ___________
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greatly increases the likelyhood of success with resolution of subsequent stages
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autonomous morality
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Second stage of Piaget's moral development theory. The child understand that people make rules and that they can be changed. They realize that intentions influence the consequences of behaviors.
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biophysical development
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is how our physical bodies grow and change.
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Gould's development themes
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Stages of ADULT development -
Begin at 20 with: "I have to get away from my parents". Early 30s: "Is what I am the only way for me to be? Mid-Late 30s: "Is there time to change?" 40s : "The die is cast" life is set with few perceived options for change 50s : More positive with focus on morality, spouse, health |
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Heteronomous morality
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Piaget's theory of moral development includes 2 stages. The first (4-7 yrs old) is heteronomous morality . Characterized by the belief that the rules are unchangeable and that when a rule is broken, there is imminent justice.
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Modeling
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observation of another's actions followed by integration of the same actions into one's own behavior
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Piaget's theory of Moral Development
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Consists of 2 stages - Heteronomous morality (rules set in stone), and autonomous morality (rules may be changed and intentions affect consequences)
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psychoanalytic/psychosocial development
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a way of describing human development in terms of personality, thinking and behavior
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temperament
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Behavioral style that affects an individuals emotional interactions with others.
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Moral development
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refers to the changes in a person's thoughts emotions and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right or wrong
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