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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Land plants have a ________ life cycle |
Haplodiplonic |
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Gametophytes (N) produce _______ |
Gametes (N+N) |
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Gametes (N+N) become ________ |
Sporophytes (2N) |
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Sporophytes (2N) produce _______ |
Spores (-N) |
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Spores (-N) become ______ |
Gametophytes (N) |
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What are the organs of a plant |
Stems Roots Leaves |
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General Features of Land Plants |
multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes |
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A group of cells with the same function/structure |
tissues |
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A specific arrangement of tissues to form a functioning unit |
organs |
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The generations of plants |
gametophyte, sporophyte |
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How are plants similar to green algae? |
Same chlorophyls (a & b), storage material (starch), and structural material (cellulose) |
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What are the 3 Major Plant Groups? |
Non-vascular Plants (Bryophytes) Seedless Vascular Plants (LVP) Seed Plants |
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Of the 3 Major Plant Groups, which one(s) is sporophyte dominant? |
Seedless Vascular Plants (LVP) Seed Plants |
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Of the 3 Major Plant Groups, which one(s) is gametophyte dominant? |
Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) |
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Non-vascular plants are considered to be the most _________ |
primitive |
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the bryophytes are |
mosses and related plants |
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Bryophytes do NOT have |
vascular tissues |
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The vascular tissues of plants include: |
phloem xylem |
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Phloem is the |
transporting tissue for water |
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Xylem is the |
transporting tissue for "food" or carbohydrates |
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Xylem transports |
"food" |
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Phloem transports |
water |
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Lower Vascular Plants includes |
ferns and related plants |
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The two subgroups of Seed Plants are: |
Gymnosperms Angiosperms |
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Gymnosperms are |
non-flowering seed plants |
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Angiosperms are |
flowering seed plants |
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Angiosperms are the most ______ of all the land plants |
complex |
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Importance of Plants |
oxygen production, CO2 sinks, food, clothing, building materials, fuels, aesthetics. Can have negative affects |
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The dominant generation of Bryophytes is |
gametophyte |
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The smallest and least structurally complex of the land plants |
Non-vascular plants |
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3 Phyla of Non-vascular plants |
Hepaticophyta Anthocerotophtya Bryophyta |
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Hepaticophyta is commonly called |
liverworts |
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Anthocerotophyta is commonly called |
hornworts |
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Bryophyta is commonly called |
mosses |
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The two types of Hepaticophyta |
Leafy liverworts thalloid liverworts |
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Leafy liverworts are ___________ in appearance |
moss-like |
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Thalloild liverworts have a _____________ shape |
flattened, irregular |
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The morphology of Antherocerotophyta in its dominant generation |
thalloid |
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The defining feature of Phylum Anthocerotophyta is |
sporophytes have a distinctive, long, horn-like capsule |
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Mosses that aren't actually mosses |
lichen sea moss & Irish moss club moss Spanish moss scale moss |
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Protonema |
germinating spore= "baby gametophyte" |
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the adult gametophyte of bryophytes have |
leaves stems rhizoids |
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the reproductive structures of bryophyta are |
archegonium antheridium |
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antheridium is |
the male gametopyte of bryophyta |
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archegonium is |
the female gametophyte of bryophyta |
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Where are the reproductive structures located for Bryophyta |
at the top of the leaves |
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What is absolutely necessary for reproduction when considering Non-vascular plants |
water |
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When considering Bryophyta, how does the sporophyte form? |
It grows from the gametophyte and the foot, which is connects them, sucks nutrients from the parent gametophyte |
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what are the structures of a bryophyta sporophyte |
foot seta capusle |
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Antheridia |
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Archegonia |
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What are the two major classes of Mosses |
Bryidae Sphagnidae |
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Class Bryidae are the |
true mosses |
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Class Sphagnidae are the |
peat/bog mosses |
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Most mosses are in what class? |
Class Bryidae |
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Class Bryidae has a __________ in its sporophyte capsule |
peristome |
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what is a peristome |
teeth-like structure |
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Class Bryidae has a ____________ protonema |
filamentous |
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Class Sphagnidae has a _________ protonema |
thalloid |
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The gametophyte "leaf" structure of Class Sphagnidae are a(n) |
mosaic of dead and living cells |
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Class Sphagnidae have sporophytes with _______ capsules |
explosive |
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The mosses in Class Sphagnidae have what properties? |
decay-resistance and antiseptic properties |
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Seedless Vascular Plants are sometimes called: |
Lower Vascular Plants |
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Lower Vascular Plants have |
vascular tissuses |
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The dominant generation of LVP are |
Sporophytes |
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Do LVP produce seeds? |
No |
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The two phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants are |
Lycophyta Pterophyta |
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Lycophyta are commonly referred to as |
club mosses |
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Pterophyta are commonly referred to as |
ferns and related plants |
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Phylum Lycophyta have _____________ when considering the morphology of their "leaves" |
microphylls |
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Phylum Lycophyta sometimes produces spores on __________ |
strombili |
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strombili are |
cones |
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the gametoptyes for Phylum Lycophyta are |
very small and often underground |
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Why are vascular tissues an important adaptation for land plants? |
Plants can more readily access food and water and gain the ability to have more biomass, particularly it allows plants to grow taller |
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Fern morphology includes |
Fiddlehead Rhizome Roots |
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A fiddlehead is a(n) |
new leaf the has yet to unfold |
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A rhizome, when considering Phylum Pterophyta, is |
an underground stem |
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A typical fern leaf is considered a(n) |
megaphyll |
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A megaphyll is composed of |
pinnae |
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pinnae are |
leaflets |
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another word for megaphyll is |
frond |
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Phylum Pterophtya is __________ dominant |
sporophyte |
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In Phylum Pterophyta, mature sporophytes have |
sporngia |
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sporangia are |
spore structure on the back of leaves |
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Phylum Pterophyta have ________ shaped gametophytes |
prothallius |
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Phylum Pterophyta needs ______ for sexual reproduction |
water |
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Other plants in Phylum Pterophyta are |
whisk ferns (Psilotum) horsetails or scouring rushes (Equisetum) |
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The dominant generation of seed plants is |
sporophyte |
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What are the parts of a seed |
seed coat stored food embryo |
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What is a seed? |
baby sporophyte that is dormant |
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What are the functions of seeds? |
Protection, Food Reserves, Dormancy, Dispersal |
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How are seeds a major evolutionary advantage? |
Sexual reproduction no longer requires water |
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What are different types of seed dispersal? |
Wind dispersal Water dispersal Animal dispersal |
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What are the two major types of seed plants? |
Gymnosperms Angiosperms |
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Gymnosperms are |
non-flowering plants |
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Another way to say non-flowering plants is |
naked seed plants |
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Angiosperms are |
flowering plants |
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The Gymnosperms include what four Phylums |
Coniferophyta Gingkophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta |
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Phylum Coniferophyta are often referred to as |
Conifers |
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Phylum Coniferophyta are |
cone-bearing |
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Phylum Coniferophyta have __________ leaves |
needle-like or scale-like |
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Examples of Phylum Coniferophyta include |
Pines, Hemlocks, Junipers, Cedars, and Redwoods |
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Genus Pinus has needle-like leaves that are arranged in ___________ |
fascicles |
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fascicles are a |
bundle/group of leaves |
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Needle-like leaves are an adaptation for what type of conditions |
drought conditions |
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Genus Pinus produces sap via |
resin ducts |
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The male cone of Genus Pinus is |
small and produce pollen grains |
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Male cones of Genus Pinus are __________ and are in what generation |
immature; gametophytes |
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Gametophytes produce |
Gametes |
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Gametes become |
Sporophytes |
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Sporophytes produce |
Spores |
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Spores become |
Gametophytes |
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Female cones of Genus Pinus are |
large and will eventually produce female gametophytes |
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female gametophytes are |
eggs |
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male gametophytes are |
sperm |
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Pollination is the |
transfer of pollen |
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Fertilization is the |
creation of a zygote when sperm and egg meet |
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A zygote is |
the 1st cell of an embryo |
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Phylum Ginkgophyta is in what classification of Seed Plants |
Gymnosperms |
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Phylum Ginkgophyta has on extant species: |
Ginkgo biloba |
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The species Ginkgo biloba has _______ shaped leaves |
fan |
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Decidious |
when plants lose all of its leaves during winter |
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Dioecious |
when plants have separate male and female plants |
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Is the species Ginkgo biloba dioecious or monoecious |
dioecious |
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The female species of Ginkgo biloba have |
fleshy seed coats |
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Phylum Cycadophya superficially resemble: |
palm trees |
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Trees within Phylum Cycadophyta are |
Dioecious |
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Trees within Phylum Ginkgophyta are -evergreen -monoecious -deciduous -non of the above |
deciduous |
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Phylum Gnetophyta has 3 extant genus: |
Welwischia Ephedra Gnetum |
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Phylum Gnetophyta is the closest living realative to |
angiosperms |
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The angiosperms have how many phyla? |
one |
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What is that Phyla(um) of the Angiosperms? |
Anthophyta |
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Another name for Phylum Anthophyta is |
Magnoliophyta |
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Phylum Anthophyta are known as the |
flowering or fruiting plants |
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What are the two major groups of Phylum Anthophyta? |
Eudicots Monocots |
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Phylum Anthophtya is diverse in |
Morphology, anatomy, size, habitats, co-evolutionary traits, trophic (feeding-habits) |
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Angiosperms can have what trophic habits? |
autotrophic parasitic semi-parasitic auxotrophic myco-heterotrophic |
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autotropic = |
photosynthetic |
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parasitic plants are ______ parasites, and do not ________. |
root; photosynthesize |
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Semi-parasitic plants: |
photosynthsize, but tap into the xylem of other plants |
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xylem = |
water |
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phloem = |
food |
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auxotrophic plants are |
predatory plants |
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myco-heterotrophic plants: |
steal nutrients from fungi |
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Flowers are considered |
modified leaves and stems |
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Flowers have four |
whorls |
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The whorls of a flower are attached to a _________ which is attached to a __________. |
receptacle; peduncle |
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The 1st whorl of a flower |
Calyx |
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The sepals of a flower are in the whorl |
calyx |
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The 2nd whorl of a flower |
Corolla |
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The petals of a flower are in what whorl? |
Corolla |
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The 3rd whorl of a flower |
Androecium |
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The stamens of a flower are in what whorl |
androecium |
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what makes up the stamen of the flower? |
Anther Filament |
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The androecium is the _______ part of the flower |
male |
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the 4th whorl of a flower |
gynoecium |
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The pistil of a flower is in what whorl |
gynoecium |
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What parts make up the gynoecium of a flower? |
Stigma Style Ovary |
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The gynoecium is the _________ part of the flower. |
female |
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Another name for Pistil is |
carpel |
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actinomorphic symmetry is |
radial symmetry=round=can be separated in any way and be symmetric |
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zygomorphic symmetry is |
bilateral symmetry=can only be separated one way and be symmetric |
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Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the _________ to the __________. |
stamen; pistil |
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A detailed explanation of pollination is |
waterless transport of the male gametopyte (pollen) to the female gametophyte |
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What is the second step of pollination? |
A pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary and two sperm travel down |
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Angiosperms go through _________ fertilization. |
double |
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Double fertilization in angiosperms are when |
2 sperm cells meet with one egg and the endosperm mother cell |
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The female gametophyte of angiosperms is the |
Endosperm Mother Cell |
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The male gametophyte of angiosperms is |
pollen |
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Endosperm Mother Cells have 2: |
nuclei |
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Sperm + Egg = |
Zygote |
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Sperm + Endosperm Mother Cell = |
Endosperm |
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The endosperm is used for |
food storage |
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Seed parts include |
seed coat endosperm zygote |
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The difference between Eudicots and Monocots during embryo development |
Eudiocots have two cotyledon Monocots have one cotyledon |
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What does the fruit develop from in Anigosperms? |
Surrounding ovary tissues and other plant parts |
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What are the 6 Eudicot Families? |
Rosaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Cactaceae Fagaceae Juglandaceae |
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Family Rosaceae is a good example of |
a typical eudicot |
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Common characteristics of Family Rosaceae include: |
thorns, spines, prickles |
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The Rose Family have what type of symmetry? |
Actinomorphic |
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Family Rosaceae have how many sepals and petals? |
5 sepals-calyx 5 petals-corolla |
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Family Rosaceae have fused sepals, petals, and stamens, which is called: |
hypanthium |
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Hypanthium is |
when the first 3 whorls of a flower are fused |
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Family Fabaceae is commonly called the |
Legume Family |
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Family Fabaceae have ________ leaves with tendrils on the end |
compound |
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The fruit of Family Fabaceae are |
Legumes |
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Family Fabacaeae have mainly what type of symmetry? |
zygomorphic |
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Inflorescence is |
a group of flowers |
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An example of Family Fabaceae is |
Trifolium -clover |
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Family Asteraceae is commonly referred to as the |
sunflower family |
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What are the two types of flowers in Family Asteraceae? |
disk flowers ray flowers |
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In Family Asteraceae, flowers in _____________ grow at the _______. |
inflorescence; head |
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The disk flowers in Family Asteraceae grow where on the head? |
the center |
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Disk flowers in Family Asteraceae have what symmetry? |
actinomorphic |
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Ray flowers in Family Asteraceae grow where on the head? |
the edge="petals" |
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Ray flowers in Family Asteraceae have what symmetry? |
Zygomorphic |
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Examples of Family Asteraceae include: |
Oxeye Daisy Dandelion |
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True or False: In Family Asteraceae, the head must have both ray flowers and disk flowers |
False |
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Family Cactaceae is commonly called the |
Cactus Family |
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Plants in Family Cactacea are |
xerophytes |
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xerophytes are plants that grow in ________ conditions |
drought |
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In Family Cactaceae, leaves are modified into |
spines |
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In Family Cactaceae, the stems have been modified to become |
succulent (water-holding) Think the barrel of the cactus |
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Why are the spines present in Family Cactaceae important modifications? |
Protection Smaller leaves=more water retention |
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Family Fagaceae is commonly called the |
Beech Family |
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Typical plants in Family Fagaceae are |
trees or shrubs |
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Leaves for plants in Family Fagaceae are ______ and __________ |
simple; alternate |
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In Family Fagaceae, male flowers are in long inflorescences called |
catkins |
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In Family Fagaceae, female flowers:
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become the cupule (cap) of the fruit (acorn) |
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What is the fruit of Family Fagaceae? |
Acorn |
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Family Juglandaceae have __________ leaves that are __________ |
compound, alternate |
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The fruit of Family Juglandaceae is a |
nut or drupe enclosed in a "husk" or "shell" |
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What are the 3 monocot families? |
Poaceae Liliaceae Orichidaceae |
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Family Poaceae is commonly called the |
Grass Family |
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Family Poaceae have _________ flowers that are ___ ________ |
complex, not colorful |
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Plants in Family Poaceae grow from what point? |
base |
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The fruit of Family Poaceae are? |
Grains |
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Family Liliaceae are good examples of |
monocots |
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Typical flowers in Family Liliaceae have: |
3 sepals-calyx 3 petals-corolla 6 stamen-anderoecium 3 fused carpel-gynoecium |
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An example of Family Liliaceae is |
Trillium |
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Family Orchidaceae is the __________ family of flowering plants |
largest |
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Family Orchidaceae have what type of symmetry? |
Strongly zygometric |
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Family Orchidaceae is considered the most |
advanced monocot family |
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An example of Family Orchidaceae is |
Lady's Slipper |
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An Angiosperm that is neither eudicot nor monocot |
Family Magnoliaceae |
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Family Magnoliaceae has a flower that has |
many parts per whorl |
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Family Magnoliaceae is |
neither eudicot nor monocot |
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Plants grow from the |
meristem |
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Apical Meristems grow from |
the top and bottom of a plant |
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Secondary growth of plants is ________ |
lateral |
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Lateral growth of plants is formed by new layers of |
xylem |
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Water enters the roots of plants via |
hairs |
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Water travels up the plant via |
xylem |
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Water exits the plant via holes in the leaves called |
stomata |
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The process of water leaving the plant and entering the air |
Evapotranspiration |
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How is water moved through the plant? |
Water is pulled via evapotranspiration |
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How does evapotranspiration work? |
when water molecules leave the plant via the stomata, it drags other water molecules because of hydrogen bonding. one water molecule pulls the rest from the bottom of the plant to the top via vascular tissues called xylem |
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How does the plant prevent water loss? |
Stomata are enclosed in guard cells that open and close for gas exchange |
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the waxy coating on leaf that prevents water loss and gas exchange |
cuticle |
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what is the solution to having cuticle |
stomata |
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"Food" in plants travel via the ________ from places produced (________) to places where it's needed (_______). |
phloem; sources; sinks |
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Carbohydrate transport is ________ through the plant via phloem |
pushed |
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Plants are regulated by |
Plant Growth Regulators |
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Stimuli that plants respond to |
gravity light touch mechanical stress |
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Gravitropism |
directional growth response to gravity |
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phototropism |
directional growth response to light |
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Thigmotropism |
directional growth response to what it's touching |
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Mechanical stress on plants causes |
reduction in growth |
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Plants perceive light via |
zeaxanthin |
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When zeaxanthin perceives light it signals for the plant to send out this PGR |
Auxin |
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Auxin causes |
cell expansion |
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How does a plant bend towards light? |
When zeaxanthin perceives light it sends extra auxin to the side of the plant in the shade. The auxin cause the cells to expand, and due to more auxin in the shaded side, the plant bends towards the light bc those cells are expanding more. |
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What are the Big 5 Plant Growth Regulators? |
Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene Abscisic Acid Auxin |
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The PGR Cytokinins cause |
bud activation |
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The PGR Gibberellins cause |
germination of dormant seeds stem elongation |
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The PGR Eythlene causes |
Fruit ripening Aging of leaves Abscission of leaves (they fall off) |
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The PGR Auxin causes |
cell expansion |
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The PGR Abscisic Acid (ABA) causes |
Growth inhibition Stress resistance Stomata to close |
