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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The PNS can be further divided into three systems:
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Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Enteric Nervous System |
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What is the fx of primary autonomic efferents of the PNS?
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Govern involuntary fx of the body that do not effect consciousness
GI tract motility Cardiac activity Contraction of the bladder Constriction of the eye |
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Each efferent pathway consists of two neurons. What are they?
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Preganglionic neuron
Post ganglionic neuron |
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Where is the soma of the preganglionic neuron located?
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CNS
Sypmathetic in Lateral horn of gray matter in T1-L2 spinal cord Parasympathetic in brainstem, and S2-S4 in lateral horn of gray matter |
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What do ALL preganglionic neurons release? What type of fiber are they?
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Acetylcholine
Type B Fiber |
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What do postganglionic neurons release? What type of fiber are they?
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Norepinephrine, acetylcholine or neuropeptides.
Type C fiber |
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Consciously controlled motor responses are part of the...
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Sensory Nervous System (SNS)
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What type of fibers are in somatic motor neurons, and what type of neurotransmitter do they release?
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Type A fibers
Acetylcholine (Acetylcholine is release from presynaptic terminals of the motorneurons and activates nicotinic receptors. |
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Where are nicotinic receptors located?
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On the motor end plates of skeletal muscle.
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Where are exteroceptors located?
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At or near the surface of the body.
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Where are proprioceptors located?
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In muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear.
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The motor part of the ANS consists of two branches, what are they? List characteristics of each
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Sympathetic
Short Preganglionic Cell body in CNS Long Postganglionic Typically postgang Release Norepi Parasympathetic Long preganglionic Short postganglionic Typically postgang release Acetylcho Cell body is usually in brainstem but may be in sp cord |
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What is in the ganglia and what occurs there?
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Postsyn cell body
Synapse |
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What are the two exceptions to the organization of the ANS?
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The sympathetics to the adrenal medulla only have a preganglionic neuron, no post
(still release ACh) The postganglionics to the sweat glands secrete ACh, though the hands and feet secrete NE. |
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What do the white ramus contain? Where are they?
What do the gray ramus contain? Where are they? |
Myelinated Type B axons, located in thoracic and first 2-3 lumbar sp nerves
Unmyelinated Type C axons, located leading to each of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves. |
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Where is the sympathetic outflow?
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Thoracolumbar T1 to L2
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Where do short fibers in the white rami synapse? What are they?
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In the paravertebral (chain) ganglia or the prevertebral ganglia via splanchnic nerves. They are sympathetic nerves
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Where is the parasympathetic outflow?
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Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
(80% exit via vagus) and S2-S4 |
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Where do postganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse?
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Outside of, or in, the wall of visceral organs.
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What is the other name for parasympathetic ganglia and what are the two types?
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Terminal Ganglia
Two types 1. Head Ganglia 2. Intramural Ganglia |
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What is an autonomic plexus?
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Tangled network of parasympathetic & sympathetic neurons, along major arteries. May contain sensory ganglia and axons of autonomic sensory neurons.
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What are the two major plexuses in the thorax?
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Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus
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Cholinergic neurons release:
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Acetylcholine
Receptors are called cholinoreceptors |
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Adrenergic neurons release:
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Norepinephrine
Receptors are called adrenoreceptors |
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Locations of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
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Nicotinic
PM of soma and dendrites of postgang sym and parasym, in motor end plate @ neuromusc jx, and adrenal medulla. Muscarinic PM of all effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands) of postgang parasym axons. |
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The two types of Cholinergic receptors, both of which bind ACh, are nicotinic and muscarinic. Compare and contrast:
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Nicotinic receptors produce excitation (via depolarization), ACh binds to alpha subunit of receptor, are also ion channels for NA and K.
Muscarinic, acts via 2ndary messengers, can cause depolarization or hyperpolarization. (610) |
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Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are:
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Adrenergic (release norepi)
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Alpha and beta receptors are the two main types of:
Alpha & beta 1 activation cause: Alpha & beta 2 activation cause: |
Adrenoreceptors
Excitation Inhibition |
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Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are:
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are: |
Adrenergic
Cholinergic |
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Why to the effects in the sypmpathetic nervous system tend to last longer?
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Bc the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (adrenergic)are not inactivated quckly, while ACh is quickly degraded by acetylcholinesterase.
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Location of receptor cholinergic:
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Integral proteins in postsyn PM activated by ACh.
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Location of receptor nicotinic (cholingergic):
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PM of postgang symp and parasym neurons, chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae, motor end plate of skeletal muscle.
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Location of receptor muscarinic (cholinergic):
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Effectors innervated by parasympathetic postgang neurons, sweat glands innervated by cholinergic symp postgang neurons.
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Location of receptor adrenergic:
alpha 1: Beta 1: Beta 2: |
Integral proteins in postsyn PM, activated by epinephrine and by horomone NE
Smooth musle fibers in blood vessels, sweat glands on palms and soles. Cardiac muscle fibers and adipocytes. Smooth muscle in wall of airway. |
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Small dense core vesicles:
Small clear vesicles: |
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine |
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Compare and contrast symp vs parasymp:
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Most body organs are innervated by both, and work in opposition.
Hypothalamus regulates the sypathetic vs the parasympathetic activity. Sympathetic only: sweat glands, arrector pili, kidneys, spleen, most blood vessels and adrenal medullae |
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Sympathetic, fight-or-flight response, 4 E situations
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Excercise, emergency, embarrassment, excitement
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Parasympathetic, rest and digest, SLUDD and 3 decreases.
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Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defication, digestion.
hrt rate, airway diameter, pupillary diameter. |
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Via the ANS, the hypothalamus is a major regulator of visceral activities including:
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Satiety
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The medulla contains several nuclei that control vital body functions such as:
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Cardiovascular center (rate and force of hrt beat and diameter of bld vessels)
Medullary rhythmicity area adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing. |