Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Growth |
Increase in the number size and volume of cells |
|
|
Development |
Emergence of specialized body parts by direction of Hormones |
|
|
Apical growth |
Growing tall, primary growth |
|
|
Lateral growth |
Growing wide secondary growth |
|
|
Above ground growth |
Shoot |
|
|
Below ground growth |
Root |
|
|
Nodes |
Where branches start from the stock |
|
|
Internodes |
Area of growth from one leaf to another |
|
|
Environmental factors that affect growth |
Light, temperature, water, gases such as CO2 |
|
|
Photoperiodism |
Response to varying lengths of light and dark |
|
|
Chrysanthemum |
Tubes/Tuberous roots begin to form |
|
|
Evapotranspiration |
Total loss of water from soil, loss from soil of operation and plant transpiration |
|
|
Bristlecone pine and redwoods |
Two Of the oldest type of trees in the world |
|
|
Senescence |
Physiological aging process of tissue breakdown and finally death |
|
|
Meristem |
Region for undifferentiated cells to divide |
|
|
Shoot apical meristem |
Zone of mitosis produces vertical growth in the shoot of a plant |
|
|
Leaf primordia |
Embryotic leaves |
|
|
Protoderm |
Becomes epidermis |
|
|
Procambium |
Becomes primary and secondary xylem and phloem |
|
|
Ground meristem |
Ground tissue stores food, and helps support cells |
|
|
Bud meristem |
Becomes new stem buds |
|
|
Auxiliary buds |
Can we come branches are flowers and helps us define a leaf |
|
|
Three types of leaf arrangement |
Alternate opposite whirl |
|
|
Pith |
Ground tissue inside ring a vascular bundle of a stem |
|
|
Vascular cambium |
Makes vascular bundle |
|
|
Cork cambium |
Makes part of the bark not the phloem |
|
|
Order types of tissue in a tree from very center to outer edge |
Pith, primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork cambium, cork |
|
|
Resin duct |
Sap duct protects tree from bacteria and predators |
|
|
Early wood |
Tree has more nutrients, So the ring tends to be wider and longer |
|
|
Late wood |
Darker thinner ring of a tree |
|
|
Dendrochronology |
Tree evidence helps us age the tree and figure out the climate of the area it was in |
|
|
Heartwood |
Middle nonconducting xylem provide support and sometimes infuser chemicals fend off pests |
|
|
Allocation |
Individual plants have a limited amount of resources to spend on growth reproduction and survival or maintenance |
|
|
Constitutive |
Defense always active because the threat is constant |
|
|
Inducible |
Defense used only when needed because threat is occasional |
|
|
Three types of threats to plants |
Abiotic factors, viruses bacteria fungi and animals and other plants, and biotic factors |
|
|
Monophagous |
Usually insects, feed on one plant species or just a few closely related species |
|
|
Polyphagous |
Usually mammals, feed on many types of host species often from more than one family |
|
|
Three types of plant defenses |
Mechanical - structural modifications Chemical- Secondary compounds produced by plant metabolisms Ecological - symbiotic relationships predator satiation mimicry |
|
|
Five types of mechanical defenses |
Specialize leaves, tissue hardness, crystals and other inclusions, latex, waxes and resins |
|
|
Four types of specialized leaves |
Spines modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and for protection Thorns modified stems arising in the axils of leaves of woody parts Prickles overgrowths from the epidermis or cortex trichome Hairlike structures originated from the epidermis the reduce water loss and help as protection |
|
|
crystals and other inclusions |
Calcium structures within plants RAPHIDS Often cause irritation in mammalian herbivores suffocation or starvation in insect herbivores Silica plates within epidermal cells |
|
|
Latex |
Mechanical and chemical defense caused by the milkweed which is only edible by the monarch Catapillar making the Catapillar poisonous |
|
|
Waxes and resins |
Sticky materials that may contribute to the fence however also help with water retention and solar reflection. resins or sap are common in Pines but uncommon in angiosperms |
|
|
In your vegetable garden you are growing yams. Yams are modified route tissue from the plant. What is the function of the yam for the plant? A) it’s stores water for the plant in times of drought B) it’s store sugar for the plant C) it provides greater surface area for water absorption D) it provides greater surface area for the growth of additional root meristems |
B) It’s store sugar for the plant |
|
|
Which of the following statements indicates one reason why seeds dispersed far from other plants of the same species have a higher chance of survival? A) There is a small chance of being eaten by seed predator because the predators only eat seeds that are in high concentrations in there maybe there are many of the same type of seed B) there’s a small chance of competition between a rear seat and other other plants in the area because a small plant doesn’t require the same resources as a larger already established plant C) There’s a smaller chance of the rare seeds being exposed to pathogens that may have become established in areas with other plants of the same species and is more likely to survive D) seeds that colonize new areas have unlimited resources and can undergo a population explosion dominating an area that was previously devoid of plants |
C) there is a smaller chance of rare seeds be exposed to pathogen’s and that may have become established in areas with other plants of the same species and is more likely to survive |
|
|
In which of the following structures of a vascular plant would you expect to find totipotent cells A) mature leaves B) shoot apical meristem C) cell elongation zone D) axillary buds |
B) shoot apical meristem D) axillary buds |
|
|
Alternation of generations is thought to have evolved in response to the challenges of reproducing on land . How does the diploid multicellular generation enhance the ability of bryophytes such as mosses to reproduce on land? A) It amplifies the number of cells undergoing meiosis and elevate them about the rest of the plant increasing the likelihood that fertilization leads to successful dispersal of offspring B) it increases the number of gametes that can be formed, increasing the likelihood of cross-fertilization C) it stimulates the growth of the gametophyte generation by elevating the photosynthetic surface above the ground D) It allows meiosis to occur as the first division following fertilization |
A) it amplifies the number of cells undergoing meiosis and elevates them above the rest of the plant increasing the likelihood of fertilization leads to the successful dispersal of offspring |
|
|
If you were to remove answers for myself incompatible plant how would this affect the fertilization of its female gametes? A) fertilization would continue, as self incompatible plants rely on pollen from other individuals B) fertilization would stop as self incompatible plants are fertilized with pollen they produce C) Fertilization would continue As self incompatible plants are fertilized with the pollen they produce D) fertilization would stop as self incompatible plants rely on the pollen from other individuals |
A) Fertilization would continue as self incompatible plants rely on pollen From other individuals |
|
|
In most gymnosperms the male gametophyte is transported: A) through Water B) Through the air C) By animals D) on the ground E) Using gravity |
B) Through the air |
|
|
Which of the following statements best reflects the evolutionary reason behind variable production of nicotine in Nicotiana attenuate? A) nicotine is an alkaloid. The production of nicotine uses resources that could otherwise be put into expression of genes necessary for growth and reproduction B nicotine is an alkaloid. Production of nicotine deters predators and allows for more resources to be available for growth C) nicotine is an alkaloid. Production of nicotine deters predators and allows For more resources to be available for reproduction D) Nicotine it’s an alkaloid the production of nicotine does not use resources that are typically allocated for growth or reproduction |
A) Nicotine is an alkaloid the production of nicotine uses resources that could otherwise be put to the expression of genes necessary for growth and reproduction |
|
|
The movement of auxin from apical to basal sides of immature leave cells and towards the xylem and phloem of the stem is example of what? A) Trophic transport B)Polar transport C)Bi directional transport D)Paraxial transport |
B) Polar transport |
|
|
Why is dispersal important part of reproduction? A) And allows for escape from pathogens and parasites B) We reduce competition for resources with closely related individuals C) It allows genotypes to colonize larger areas |
A, B and C all correct |
|
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding cells in a flower meristem? A) cells in a flower meristem will divide mitotically Throughout the life of the plant B) cells in the flower meristem will stop dividing once a full flower is formed C) Cells in the flower meristem will remain totipotent even after the flowers formed D) Cells in the flower meristem will differentiate as the flowers formed |
A) Cells in the flower meristem will stop dividing once a full flower is formed D) Cells in the flower meristem will differentiate as the flower is formed |
|
|
The wood of gymnosperms are composed of what and the wood of angiosperms are made of what? A) tracheids; fibers and vessel elements B) fibers and tracheids; vessel elements C) vessel elements and fibers; tracheids D) tracheids and vessel elements; fibers |
A) tracheids; fibers and vessel elements |
|
|
With in each unit composing a shoot a vascular plant you would observe leaves attached at the what and a large stretch of stem without leaves at the what? A) node and shoot apical meristem B) node and internode C) shoot apical meristem and node D) internode and node |
B) node and internode |
|
|
A researcher examines a piece of oak tree bark under a microscope he notices many small holes or spaces within his bark sample what are these areas A) stomata B) suberins C) pericycles D) lenticels |
D) lenticels |
|
|
True or false all plants that produce chemical compounds to deter herbivores make the same compounds |
False |
|
|
Which group of land plants appear to the fossil record most recently |
Angiosperms |
|
|
A woman is growing African violet on her windowsill. After several weeks she notices that the plant is leaning towards the right, in the direction of the window. In the stem of her African violet where would you expect to find the most of the auxin? |
On the left (shaded) sides of the stems, facing away from the window |
|
|
In what happened varmint would you expect to find a plant that spends most of its resources on the fences rather than growth A) In the nutrient poor soil’s of the tundra B) In the clay soil of the rain forest C) On well fertilize farmland D in the sandy soil of rain forest |
A) In the nutrient poor soil of the tundra D) In the sandy soil of a rain forest |
