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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the principle energy source? |
Carbohydrates |
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What are carbohydrates composed of? |
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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What are the three forms of carbs? |
Sugars, Starch, and Fiber |
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What are the functions of carbohydrates? |
Energy Regulation Structure Production |
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What does glucose regulate? |
Energy transformation and tissue synthesis Brain, nervous tissue, and red blood cells |
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How do carbohydrates aid in production? |
Stored as Glycogen in tissues Lactose in milk |
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How are carbohydrates classified? |
Number of carbons Number of CHO molecules |
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How many CHO molecules do monosaccharides have? |
1 |
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Where are pentoses found? |
DNA and RNA |
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What are two other examples of Pentoses/ |
Xylose Arabinose |
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What are the most abundant monosaccharides? |
Hexoses |
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What type of carbohydrate is glucose? |
Hexose |
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What are the 5 common disaccharides? |
1. Sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose 4. Iso- Maltose 5. Cellobiose |
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What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of? |
alpha D glucose and fructose
(table sugar) |
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What monosaccharides is lactose made up of? |
Galactose and beta D glucose |
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What monosaccharides is maltose made up of? |
Two alpha D glucoses |
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What monosaccharides is Iso- Maltose made up of |
Alpha D glucoses with an alpha 1 6 linkage |
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What monosaccharides is Cellobiose made up of? |
Two beta D glucoses |
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What is Raffininose made up of and where is it found? |
Fructose+ alpha D glucose+ Galactose
Sugar beets, cottonseeds, and cruciferous vegies |
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Where are Oligosaccharides often found? |
Beans Serve as prebiotic for immune system
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How many monosaccharides are in an Oligosaccharide |
More than two and less than ten |
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What are the 4 nutritional polysaccharides? |
1. Starch 2. Cellulose 3. Hemicellulose 4. Lignin |
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What are the three types of starches? |
1. Amylose 2. Amylopectin 3. Glycogen |
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What is the repeating unit of Amylose? |
Maltose |
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What characterizes Amylopectin from Amylose? |
Contains an iso- maltose |
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What is the storage form of CHO in the body? |
Glycogen |
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What is the repeating unit in cellulose? |
Cellobiose |
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Where is cellulase produced? |
Bacteria |
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What is unique about Lignin? |
It is not a CHO and is indigestible by most animals and microbes |
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What are the first steps of digestion of carbohydrates in non ruminants? |
Mastication to increase surface area Saliva contains salivary amylase to begin breaking down amylose at the alpha 1 4 linkages. |
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During carbohydrate digestion in non ruminants what occurs in the stomach? |
There are no CHO- digesting enzymes but acid may disrupt some of the H bonds and there is minimal microbial digestion |
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Once food hits the duodenum what two hormones are stimulated and what do they do?? |
CCK and Secretin go into the blood to turn on pancreas to initiate enzymes |
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During carbohydrate digestion in non ruminants what is the biggest role of the pancreas?> |
Sodium bicarbonate buffer to keep enzymes alive and increase pancreatic amylase which breaks down amylose into maltose and amylopectin into maltose and isomaltose |
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What other enzymes are at work in the small intestines? |
Lactase Sucrase Maltase Isomaltase |
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During carbohydrate digestion in the non ruminant what occurs in the large intestine?
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There are no enzymes so microbial fermentation begins to occur working on fiber, cellulose, and hemicellulose creating volatile fatty acids |
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During carbohydrate digestion in the non ruminant what are the two microbial enzymes of the large intestine? |
Amylase breaks down starches Cellulase breaks down fiber |
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During carbohydrate digestion in the non ruminant volatile fatty acids account for what percent of energy requirements? |
50-80% |
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What are the 3 major VFAs? |
Acetate- 2 C Propionate- 3 C Butyrate- 4 C |
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During ruminant digestion what is missing in the mouth? |
Salivary amylase |
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What occurs in the rumen during carbohydrate digestion? |
VFAs are produced |
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What are the differences in VFA production in ruminants with a forage diet and a grain diet? |
More Acetate in a forage diet and neutral pH
More Propionate in a grain diet and more acidic pH and more VFA production |
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In a ruminant what energy percentage do VFAs offer? |
Between 50 and 100% |
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What is unique about CCK and secretin production in ruminants? |
Steady secretion |
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What is glycogen? |
Stored form of glucose |
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What is glycogenesis? |
Make new glycogen |
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What is glycogenolysis? |
Breadown of glycogen |
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What is Gluconeogenesis? |
Making new sugars from non-CHO |
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What is glycolysis? |
Breakdown of glucose |
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Which animals ave high levels of glucose in the blood and why? |
Poultry for quick flight energy |
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Which animals have low levels of glucose in the blood and why? |
Cattle because they primarily utilize VFAs |
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What are the 3 most important hormones in regulating blood glucose levels? |
Insulin Glucagon Epinepherine |
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Where is Insulin produced and what does it do? |
Beta cells in pancrease Stimulate glucose absorption: Decrease of glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis Increase glycolysis |
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Where is glucagon produced and what does it do? |
alpha cells in pancrease Increase blood glucose by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis |
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Where is epinephrine produced and what does it do? |
In the medulla of adrenal gland and it aids in breaking down muscle glycogen during the flight or fight response |
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What is glycogen? |
The stored form of glucose |
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What is the major organ that synthesizes glucose? |
Liver |
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What are the 3 catabolic systems and where do they occur? |
1. Glycolysis- cytoplasm of cell 2. TCA cycle- Mitochondria 3. Electron transport chain- Mitochondria
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What is the function of Glycolysis? |
To breakdown glucose into 2 pyruvate |
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How much ATP is generated from NADH? |
3 ATP |
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How much ATP is generated from FADH2? |
2 ATP |
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What is glycosuria? |
Abnormality of having sugars in urine |
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What is Polyuria? |
Excessive urination |
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What is polydipsea? |
Excessive thirst |
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What are symptoms of diabetes? |
Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose concentrations Glycosuria: High blood glucose in urine Polyuria: High fat mobilization High ketones |
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What is particular about Type I Diabetes? |
Genetic disorder where the body kills off pancreatic Beta cells |
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What is particular about Type II Diabetes? |
Defective Insulin uptake |
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What is occuring in the body during Gestational Diabetes? |
Resistance to insulin |
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What is ketosis? |
An excess in ketone production |
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What fatty acids are soluble in water? |
Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate |
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How much more energy is in a fat than in a carb? |
2.25 |
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What are simple fats and oils composed of? |
Glycerol (3C) and Fatty Acids |
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What are some examples of simple fats and oils? |
Monoglycerides Diglycerides Triglycerides |
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What are the two types of fatty acids? |
Saturated- No double bonds so solid Unsaturated- 1 or more double bonds so liquid |
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Which fatty acid is more chemically reactive? |
Unsaturated |
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What does hydrogenation mean? |
Adding H (Making unsaturated fat (liquid) to saturated fat (solid)) |
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Where does hydrogenation occur? |
Food preparation Rumen |
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What are the three families of unsaturated Fatty Acids? |
n-3 n-6 n-9 |
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What determines what unsaturated fatty acid fits into what family? |
Amount of Carbons |
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What are the two types of fatty acids found from animal sources? |
Palmitic acid (16:0) Stearic acid (18:0) |
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What are the three types of fatty acids found from plant or marine sources? |
Oleic (18:1 n-9) Linoleic (18:2 n-6) Linolenic (18:3 n-3) |
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What are the three compound lipids? |
1. Glycolipids 2. Phospholipids 3. Lipoproteins
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