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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what do nativist's believe?

- believe that infants are born with knowledge

what is the Core Knowledge Theory?

- focuses o topics that have been important to survival (e.g. recognizing people) throughout human evolution


- contrary to piaget's theory, researchers in the 90s found evidence for early competence

what is domain specificity?

- is part of core knowlege theory


- defined as knowledge that is specific to certain domains and does not transfer to other domains


- just because know about one thing doesn't mean know about something else...are born with specific knowlege about a certain thing


- behaviors seen early in life

how to identify "core" knowledge?

- infants show early competency


- VIOLATION OF EXPECTANCY: young infants express "surprise" at events or object that violate their expectancy. measured through looking time differences


how is habituation and violation of expectancy the same and different?

- similar because both use looking time


- difference because habituation tests time between old objects vs. new objects; violation of expectancy have no expectations b/c already know what's going to happen

Baillargeon (1987): "object permanence" in 7 month olds

- babies looks at unexpected or impossible events longer; this is violation of expectancy


- that as baby learns about universe, they make categories


- are able to know object expectancy and are surprised when they know things shouldn't happen, which makes them more interested


-LOOK AT IMPOSSIBLE EVENT LONGER THAN POSSIBLE EVENT

what is numerical equality?

- is the realization that all sets of a certain number have something in common

what is believed to be about babies and numbers?

- that babies don't have numerical equality till later


- core knowledge theory believe babies can do simple addition and subtraction at 5 months but can't do numbers above 3


- however, not until they are 3 or 4 years old do children show a comparable understanding of larger sets, such as four or more objects

what was the experiment " Doll Task" by Whynn about?

- dealt with infants' arithmetic skills...testing addition and subtraction


- at 6 months, babies may have rudimentary basic knowledge of numbers


- ratio must be 2:1 to know difference if one group longer than other and to understand numbers...this claim makes it controversial that competency is limited to three of fewer objects

what is piaget's theory in relation to cognitive development?

that its a STAGE theory


- invariant sequence


- early structures cause later stages


- internal coherence of stages


- periods of transition: disequilibrium


ITS A CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY


- belief that children actively learn through experiences

what was piaget's constructivist approach?

- children are actively creating knowledge by building schemes (things we use to make sense of the world) from their experiences through ADAPTATION and ORGANIZATION


what is adaptation in piaget's constructivist approach?

it is adjusting to the demands of the environment


Includes:


- assimilation= incorporating new info to exisiting schemes


- accommodation = adjusting schemes to fit new info


- equilibration

what is organization in piaget's constuctivist approach?

combining existing schemes into new and more complex ones

what is the sensorimotor stage?

- the stage where we "think" with our senses


1. Reflex activity (birth-1 month)


2. primary circular reactions (1-4 months)- deals with body; such as sucking thumb is different from sucking mom's nipple


3. secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)- focuses on objects around baby


4. coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months) - doing things with goal in mind; EX: using for to feed themselves


5. tertiary (12-18 months)- utilizing goalds; having different objectives with same object; EX: not only using water to clean themselves, but using it to play, splash, etc...


6. beginning of thought (18-24 months)


what is the sensorimotor substages 1-2?

initially "out of sight, out of mind" then recognition memory


- modify and organize reflexes


- integrate actions

sensorimotor substage 3?

beginnings of ACTIVE search; paying attention to objects around you


- repetition of actions resulting in pleasurable or interesting results


- OBJECT PERMANENCE leads to substage 4

what is phonetics?

is the classification of sounds (phonemes)


- how they are different sounds


what is semantics?

- is the understanding of meanings of words


- ASSOCIATIONIST VIEW



- is the meaning of a word; comprehension

What is syntax?

systematic rules for forming sentences


- focused on the grammar of the language


- NATIVIST VIEW


what is pragmatics?

- is the proper use of language in contexts


- depending on the situation, may have to modify language


- using appropriate tones


- INTERACTIONIST VIEW

What is the interactionist view?

- virtually everything about language development is influenced by its communicative function


- language = social skill


- human brain is highly capable of language in comparison to other mammals

language and the human environment

- having a human brain is not sufficient for language to develop


- language requires exposure to other people and using language with them


- caregivers and siblings begin to communicate through language with infants almost from birth


EX: talking to babies even if they can't understand helps them

what is early interactions?

- a lot of emotions, mostly happy


- interaction occurs in proximal viscinity


- language is usually exaggerated

what is infant-directed speech?

a nonstandard form of speech used y adults when addressing infants


- also known as"motherese", "baby talk"



what are characteristics of infant-directed speech?

- higher pitch


- exaggerated range of pitch


-elongated vowels


-reduced speech rate


- shorter phrases and longer pauses


- repetition of words


- use of simpler words

what is infant directed action?

are mothers' modified gesturetures when demonstrating objects to infants versus to adults


- more eye gaze with baby


- more object exchanges


- fewer action types per turn



babies prefer looking at infant directed action

infants' preference for infant directed action

- 6 to 8 month old infants prefer ID action over adult directed action


- 11 to 13 month old infants show preference even when the faces are blurred


- may be due to faces/expressions that person makes


EX: for an experiment, had blurred faces. older babies still preferred ID, demonstrating babies more sensitive to actions in their environments


- are more used to seeing what they know

infant -directed faces

ID faces are similar to ID speech


- ID faces are more exaggerated, slower in tempo, and longer in duration than AD counterparts


Mothers modify both their speech and faces


- 3 facial expressions shared in common between English-and Chinese-speaking mothers when interacting with their infants aged 4-7 months



- no facial expression was specific for a language

how are early interactions of babies characterized by?

- INTERSUBJECTIVITY: parent and infant share a common focus of attention; EX: making eye contact



- JOINT ATTENTION: the parent follows the baby's head and comments on what the baby is doing or looking at

what are the limitations of interactionist perspective?

- little account of how children learn grammar (which may be more complex than learning words)

what are theoretical issues in language development?

- behaviorism


- association


- imitation


- reinforcement

what is behaviorism?

BF Skinner believed that if can't express what you have learned, then you really haven't learned it well

what is association?

- statistical learning; one of the very fundamental tools for infant learning


- useful for learning new lables


- hear new labels and allow them to see what label is so can connect the together


- is how infants can learn concrete and noun words first b/c can be easily seen/visible to them


EX: FORK


- first order generalization = forks are forked shaped


- second order generalization = object labels refer to shape of objects



CAN'T get to second order without first order generation

associationist vs. connectionists

-connectionists argue that the info needed to acquire language is contained in language and environment (this view is not necessarily in opposition to interactionist views)


- language development is not based on innate linguistic knowledge or special language-specific brain mechanisms but on general purpose learning mechanisms


- language development occurs as the result of the gradual strengthening of connections in the neural network

limitations of connectionist perspective

- only a few aspects of language have yet been modeled


- what features get built into the model


- how well does the input used to "train" the model match childrent's input



EX: 2 year old may not believe a yellow duck is a duck because it isn't white

language development in infants

- infants first recognize words...THEN begin to comprehend them


- can recognize their name as young as 4 months


- by 7-8 months, can recognize new words and remember them for weeks


- by about 6 months, infants address the problem of reference, associating words with meaning (as shown by looking towards mother or father when someone says mommy or daddy)

comprehension vocab

- are words that infants can understand


- 10 month old infants can comprehend, but CANT say 11-154 words


- even before they start to talk, they know some words


- comprehension PRECEDES production

productive vocab

- are words that infants can say or sign


- infants produce their first words between ages of 10 and 25 months


- early word production is limited to the sounds infants can pronounce

process of preparing to speak

- in first months of life, infants' vocal tracts prepare for speech through crying, sneezing, burping, signing, and lip-smacking


- at 6-8 weeks, infants begin to produce simple speech sounds like "goo", "ahh," and "ooohh"


- vocal cords start to open at 2 months and start to make sounds


babbling

- begins at about 7 months


- consists of producing syllables made up of a consonant followed by a vowel (ba, pa, ma)


- deaf infants exposed to American Sign Language begin to babble manually, making repetitive hand movements that are components of ASL signs

what is the nativist view?

- all humans have language acquisition devive, which contains knowledge of grammatical rules common to all languages (universal grammar)


- that humans are"born" knowing how to understand language and understand idea that babies know that there should be nouns and verbs


- they know senstences can be in delaritive or question form


what is universal grammar?

a set of innate (unlearned) linguistic principles that interact with the linguistic environment to determine a particular grammar in the mind/brain of an individual


- principles that all languages share


- humans are biologically inclined to learn language

in the nativist point of view, what is the first step to learn a language?

SEGMENTATION


- is finding words from fluent speech


- able to do this because babies hear sentences, not isolated words


- is COMPLICATED because no pauses or no language universal cue that signals beginning/end of a word

what is a problem of segmentation?

- no silence between words or pauses


- no universal cue

how do babies overcome the segmentation problem? (language ques)

starting at 4-6 months of age, start segmenting words by:


- transitional probabilty (statistical learning)


- very, very frequent words/phrases: EX: mommy, their own name


- rhythmic pattern (intonation/stress)


- allophonic knowledge


- phonotactics of native language

how is statistical learning done to learn languages?

- knows that it can be a word if they hear it being said many times


- frequently occuring sequences can help finding adjacent words


- THE = single most word infants hear the most


- MOMMY and THEIR NAME = most frequent words infants hear


EX: when hear a sentence, know that mommy is a word so whatever is after mommy should be another word

what is function words in statistical learning?

- single most frequent word in English = THE


- 8 month olds can segment a new word when they appear after "the"


- 11 month olds can segment vowel-initial words when "the" precedes them