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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on ones behavior is part of what early field of psychology?
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psychoanalysis
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__________ was (were) the focus of Watsons behaviorism.
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Observable experiences
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Who is most associated with the technique of introspection?
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Wundt
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The word correlation is often used as a synonym for _____________.
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relationship
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Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?
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predicting
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Harlan wanted to write realistically about street gangs, so he pretended to be a teenager and joined a real gang. This is most similar to the method of
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naturalistic observation
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Gestalt psychology attempted to discover
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the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.
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Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the _________________.
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observe effect
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Which of the following is an empirical question?
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what is the meaning of life
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Critical thinking means making judgments based on
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reason and logical evaluation.
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The goals of psychology are to _____.
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describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
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Jenna suffers from a nervous tic of washing her hands repeatedly and being unable to resist washing them again and again. Which perspective would explain Jennas hand-washing behavior as a result of repressed conflicts?
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psychodynamic perspective
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Who was denied a Ph.D. despite completing all the requirements for earning the degree?
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients?
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A correlation of +.89 and -.89 are both strong and equally so.
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Dr. Smith is conducting an experiment to examine the effects of exercise on mood. He decides to have two groups: One group exercises twice a week for 4 weeks, and one reads about exercise. The group reading about exercise is the
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the control group
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Participants in research early in psychologys history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called _________.
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objective introspection
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Dr. Silverberg conducted a study in which she tests infants for memory ability. Before she can begin her study, she must obtain
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informed consent from the parents
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The first step in any scientific investigation is _______________.
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perceiving the question
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Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
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you sleep because you are tired
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If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the __________ perspective.
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cognitive
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A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on
important characteristics such as age and sex is called __________________. |
the control group
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A(n) is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one
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correlation
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Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, it is most likely that she is engaged in ______________________.
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naturalistic observation
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What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
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the unconscious mind
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
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-.75
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The entire group that a researcher is interested in is called a
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population
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According to Freud, unconscious urges
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attempt to surface and affect our behaviors..
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The main advantage of a case study is
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the amount of detail it provides about an individual.
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Surveys, as discussed in the text, are associated most with:
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descriptive research
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Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?
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You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.
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Unintended changes in participants behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called
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experimenter effects
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In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?
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cognitive
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Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
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structuralism; observable behavior
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The word correlation is often used as a synonym for _____________.
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relationship
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Systematically collecting data in real-world environments is the essence of which descriptive research method?
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naturalistic observation
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A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of
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explanation
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If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________approach to psychology.
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functionalist
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Which of the following specialties in psychology provides diagnosis and treatment for less serious mental problems such as adjustment disorders?
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developmental
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Who is most associated with the technique of introspection?
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wundt
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What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly?
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to allow researchers to replicate experiments
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Which topic would NOT be investigated by a psychologist if the definition of psychology were limited to "the science of behavior"?
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thought processes students used while trying to answer this question
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The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a persons experiences.
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introspection
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Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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The tendency to look for information that supports ones own belief is called _____.
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confirmation bias
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Double-blind studies control for
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the placebo effect and the experimenter effect.
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Which of the following is an empirical question?
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What is the meaning of life?
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A researcher designs an experiment to test the effects of playing video games on memory. What would be the dependent variable?
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scores on a memory test
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Dr. Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates. She must be a(n) ___________________ .
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evolutionary psychologist
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Which of the following professionals in psychology has the broadest area of interests and functions?
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psychologist
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Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?
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Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.
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Linda is recovering from damage to her brain. Her main symptom is a speech problem; instead of saying, "I am going to PT (physical therapy) at nine oclock" she says, "I go . . . PT . . . non ocot." Linda's problem is __________.
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Brocas aphasia
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As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Glorianns __________________ is active.
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somatic nervous system
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The peripheral nervous system consists of ______.
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all the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord
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Involuntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system.
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autonomic
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Damage to the cerebellum is likely to disrupt which of the following?
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playing basketball
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The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the _________ nervous system.
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autonomic
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Andy has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Andy is experiencing?
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serotonin
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Your heart races. You begin to breathe faster. Your pupils enlarge and your appetite is gone. Your __________ division has just been activated.
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sympathetic
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The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the _____.
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soma
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Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the ______.
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hypothalamus
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What is the function of myelin?
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to speed up the neural impulse
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Which of the following is a long bundle of neurons that functions as a carrier of messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body and is responsible for certain reflexes?
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spinal cord
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite?
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serotonin
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Alexis is learning several new routines in her gymnastics class. After enough practice, her __________ will play an important role in helping her to perform the routines correctly and smoothly.
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cerebellum
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People suffering from Alzheimers disease have much lower levels of acetylcholine in the ______________.
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hippocampus
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The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
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peripheral nervous system; central nervous system
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The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is made up of all nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system and all nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles is called the _________.
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somatic nervous system
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_________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________send messages to other neurons.
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dendrites;axos
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The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the ___________.
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temporal lobes
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Warren is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection?
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frontal
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Bobby B. was rollerblading when a cat jumped right in front of him causing him to fall. When he fell, he landed on the side of his head. Shortly afterwards, Bobby complained that he could not understand what people were saying to him. Which lobe would have been most affected by this fall given what he experienced?
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temporal
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Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?
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acetylcholine
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_______________ are fired when an animal performs an action or when the animal observes that same action being performed. For example, an infant will mimic the facial expressions of adults.
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mirror neurons
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The idea that the pituitary gland is the "master gland":
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is true; yet, it is still controlled by the brain.
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Voluntary muscles are controlled by the ________nervous system.
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somatic
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The ________ is the part of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories.
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hippocampus
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Which of the following techniques for imaging the brain would not be advisable for a person with a metal plate in his or her head?
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MRI
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Melatonin is secreted by the __________ gland(s).
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pineal
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____________synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.
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excitatory;inhibitory
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The ________________ is a structure in the brain stem that plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.
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pons
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Hormones are___________.
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chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands
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Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
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receptor sites
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What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system?
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neuron
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Which of the following regions contains the auditory cortex?
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temporal lobes
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When you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty, and your cheeks feel hot, your __________________ is/are active.
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autonomic nervous system
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Damaged nerve fibers in the body can sometimes repair themselves because they are coated with __________, which forms a protective tunnel around the nerve fibers.
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neurilemma
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How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse?
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It is broken down by an enzyme.
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The term neurotransmitter refers to ______.
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a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse
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Which of the following regions contains the somatosensory cortex?
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parietal lobe
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The branch of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands is called the_________________.
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parasympathetic nervous system
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the control of the pain response?
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endorphin
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The _______________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate.
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medulla
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The autonomic nervous system has two divisions called the __________ and the ____________.
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sympathetic; parasympathetic
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As Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harms way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Mollys ______________.
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sympathetic nervous system
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Which component of the nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress?
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sympathetic
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Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called ______.
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endorphins
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The section of the brain responsible for interpreting the visual information in the primary visual cortex is called the __________.
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visual association cortex
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The term "fire" when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron:
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has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons.
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As Joe walks to his car late at night, he hears footsteps behind him. Feeling afraid, Joe grips his keys and quickens his pace. It is likely that Joes ________ has been activated
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amygdala
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Which of the following neurotransmitters functions as a common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
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GABA
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A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of _____________ to help gain control over biological functions
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 relaxation
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Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.Answer
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food
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Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
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 Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
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You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ___________
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insight learning
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Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michaels own relationships when he is older?
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 Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
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Dennis buys a lottery ticket every Saturday, using the same set of numbers. Although he has only won $25 on one occasion, he keeps buying the tickets. In fact, hes a little afraid that if he doesnt buy a ticket, that would be the one that would win really big. The fact that Dennis seems addicted to buying lottery tickets is a common characteristic of which schedule of reinforcement?
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variable ratio
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When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.
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extinction
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The key to the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning is that the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must __________.Answer
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 provide information about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.
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When one conditioned stimulus is used to create another, this is called __________.
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higher-order conditioning
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__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
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learning
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When good things happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the good things increases. This best illustrates:
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the law of effect
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Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their sons face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
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 The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
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In applied behavior analysis, __________.
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 skills are broken down into their smallest steps and then reinforced.
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Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
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a gold star
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Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
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 it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes
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Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)
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 unconditioned stimulus
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Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelles door being open was a ___________ for _______________.
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 discriminative stimulus; asking questions
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When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates:
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negative reinforcement
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Learning is __________.
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 any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.
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Joaquins parents have given his 2-year-old daughter, Marie, a very noisy jack-in-the-box toy for her birthday. Marie loves to turn the crank and make the puppet pop up, over and over and over. Desperate to have some peace and quiet, Joaquin gives Marie a popsicle, which distracts her and produces the quiet he was craving. But when the popsicle is finished, Marie goes back to the toy, cranking and cranking. Joaquin tries another popsicle. What kind of reinforcement process is taking place in this situation?
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 Both a and c are correct.
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A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?Answer
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positive reinforcement
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Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlovs student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a _______.
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conditioned response
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A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
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primary
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A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ____________.
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 learned helplessness
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In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.Answer
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loud noise
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