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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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histology is the study of ...
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tissues
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what is a group of similar cells united by extracellular material?
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tissue
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what are the 3 functions of extracellular matrix?
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structural support
nutrients wastes |
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what are the 4 basic tissues of the body?
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Epithelial
connective muscular neural |
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what tissue type is good for covering surfaces, external and internal?
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epithelial
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what type of tissue has their cells far apart from each other (with lots of extracellular material in between?)
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connective
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the nucleus contains..., and the rest of the cell contains ...
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nucleoplasm
cytoplasm |
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what organelle is the cell's digestive sytem?
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lysosome
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what function does the rough ER have?
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protein synthesis
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what function does the smooth ER have?
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lipid metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis
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what in the cell, is not membrane bound, and are accumulations of metabolites or products?
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inclusions
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what are 3 types of cytoskeletons in the cell?
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microfilament
intermediate filament microtubule |
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What size is an intermediate filament and what does it do?
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10 nm
maintains shape of the cells |
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what cytoskeleton types are involved with movement?
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actin (microfilament) and microtubules
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what forms the mitotic spindle in mitosis?
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microtubules.
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who is van Leeuwenhoek?
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made the first microscope
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what is the smallest distance between 2 particles at which they can be seen as separate objects?
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resolution
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what describes the ability of a system to distinguish, detect, and/or record physical details by electromagnetic means?
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optical resolution.
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increasing resolution means to make R a (smaller or larger) number?
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smaller
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visible light used for light microscopy has a wavelength of about ...
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400-750 nm
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the wavelength of an electron used in transmission electron microscopy is aobut ... nm
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0.005 nm
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... can resolve no further than a human egg
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An unaided human eye
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... can resolve no further than a bacteria
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light microscope
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5 steps in preparing tissue for microscopy
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1) harvest and fix
2) infiltration and embedding 3) section and collect 4) stain 5) visualize with microscope |
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tissues are mechanically and biochemically stabilized by a ...
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fixative
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the most common fixative is ...
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10% formaldehyde
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infiltration process involves ... to dehydrate the tissue, followed by a clearing agent such as ..., and finally ...
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ethanol
xylene paraffin wax |
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besides usuing paraffin wax, embedding can also be accomplished by ...
the advantages to this is... |
freezing medium
you don't have to fix the tissue (denature the proteins) and there is a very short turnaround time (like during surgery) |
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tissue is sectioned into very thin (2-8 micrometer) sections using a ...
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microtome
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frozen tissue embedded in a freezing medium is cut on a microtome in a cooled machine called a ...
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cryostat
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for electron microscopy, tissues are embedded in a hard resin plastic. The tissue is then sectioned into ... (40-90 nm) sections using ...
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ultrathin
ultramicrotome |
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the insides of tubes is usually called the ...
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lumen
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the very common stains called ... and ... (referred to as ...) can be used to allow one to visualize different components of a cell.
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hematoxylin
eosin H&E |
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... stains the nucleus and other acid containing structures blue.
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hematoxylin
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... colors the cytoplasm a pink color
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eosin
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what are the different types of microscopes?
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light microscope
electron microscope (transmission and scanning) |
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what type of microscope shows structures in 3-D?
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scanning electron microscope
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... microscope has the best resolution
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transmission electron
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the resolution of ... microscopes can see no smaller than viruses
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scanning electron
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... microscopy and ... microscopy allows you to view specimens without staining
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phase-contrast
Nomarsky differential interference (3D) |
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tissue components are described as ... if they stain with basic dyes
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basophilic
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tissue components are described as ... if they stain with acid dyes
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acidophilic
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3 basic stains are
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toluidine blue
methylene blue hematoxylin |
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3 acid stains are
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orange G
acid fuchsin eosin |
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common stains used in TEM are ... such as (3 examples)
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heavy metals
uranium lead osmium |
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both male and female sex cells pass through a series of changes called
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gametogenesis
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... are capable of participating the the process of fertilization
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gametes
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...(the union of the male gamete and the female gamete) normally occurs in an area of the uterine tube called the ...
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fertilization
ampulla |
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the fertilized egg will travel from the uterine tube to the ..., where the developing individual will remain until birth.
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uterus
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6-7 days after fertilization, ... occurs and it is known as a ...
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implantation
blastocyst |
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what is a fertilized egg, after nuclear fusion
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zygote
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what is the developing organizm from 2-8 weeks?
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embryo
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what is the developing organism from 9 weeks to birth
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fetus
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an embryo or fetus and all of the surrounding membranes is known as
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conceptus
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when the cells in the blastocyst separates into 2 layers, it is known as the ...
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bilaminar disk
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When there are 3 layers, it is known as ...
and those 3 layers are |
gastrulation
endoderm ectoderm mesoderm |
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the development of the nervous system occurs in the ... week and is known as ...
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3rd
neurulation |
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the organs start to form during the (zygotic, embryonic, or fetus) period?
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embryonic
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when one part of the embryo becomes larger when another part is not, it is known as ... growth
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differential growth
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... become bone, and ... becomes skin or nervous
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mesoderm
ectoderm |
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hyperplasia is a type of growth that increases...
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cell number (mitosis)
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Hypertrophy is a type of growth that increases...
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in cell size
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cells can excrete ... material that fills in the spaces between them.
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extracellular
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... allows organs to reach their ultimate shape. One side or part of a structure grows faster than another.
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differential growth
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cells between fingers undergo ...
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selective cell death
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... occurs when a certain area of cells in the body will change into something else. It's a pathologic de-differentiation and re-differentiation
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metaplasia
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epidermis is derived from...
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ectoderm
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dermis is derived from ...
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mesoderm
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... is a chemical signal that will cause a change in cells, resulting in migration, differentiation, or other change.
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induction
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the notochord will eventually become the...
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central nervous system (brain and spinal chord)
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ectoderm differentiates into... which become taller, creating the ..., which folds over to form the ... and later the ...
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neuroectoderm cells
neural plate neural groove neural tube |
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... involves contraction of actin filaments in the terminal web of the ... cells
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epithelia folding
epithelial |
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the raised borders of the neural groove are known as ...
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neural folds
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neural groove is converted to the neural tube by when?
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end of 3rd week
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... or ... creates the blastocist cavity, coelom, and lumen of the gut cavity
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cavitation
canalization |
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a blastomere multiplies and at 16 cells (3 days), it becomes a ..., which is a big ball of tissue
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morula
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a blastocyst forms a big cavity known as a ... and becomes implanted in the uterine wall around day 5.
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blastocoele
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the 4 stages of gametogenesis
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1)migration of germ cells to gonads
2)increase number of germ cells by mitosis 3)reduce chromosomal number by meiosis 4)structural and functional maturation of eggs and spermatozoa |
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primordial germ cells arise outside the gonads from...
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the endodermal layer of the yolk sac
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in the human, there are ... chromosomes in 2n DNA
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46
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at the beginning of meiosis, the cell (primary gametocyte) is #n, #c
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2n, 4c
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in the first meiotic division (reduction division), a ... results in the pairing of homologous chromosomes and frequent crossing over
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prolonged prophase
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daughter cells are genetically (equal or unequal) after the first meiotic division
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unequal
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after the first meiotic division, each daughter cell contains #n, #c
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1n, 2c
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what is gametogonium called in a male?
in a female? |
spermatogonia
oogonia |
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after the 2nd division of meiosis, there are a total of 4 gametes, each with #n, #c, which is # nonreplicated chromosomes.
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1n, 1c
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female gametes are called
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the ovum
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male gametes are called
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spermatids
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secondary spermatocytes have... replicated chromosomes. #n, #c
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23
1n, 2c |
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spermatids go through a maturation process called ... and differentiate into ...
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spermiogenesis
spermatozoa |
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what is the process of the morphological differentiation of spermatids called?
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spermiogenesis
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the tail (flagellum) of spermatozoa contains ... which allow movement to occur
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microtubules
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the head of the spermatozoa is called the ... and contains... that can break down different substances.
it also contains the ... |
acrosome
digestive enzymes nucleus: DNA |
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the mid-piece of the spermatozoa contain ... in order to ...
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mitochondria
power the sperm |
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oogenesis happens in the ...
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ovary
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oogonium is found only in the ...
All oogonia complete differentiation into primary oocytes by ... |
fetus
birth |
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primary oocytes are found in structures called ... and remain stable until some signals initiates further development
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ovarian follicles
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the secondary oocyte is found only in the final stage of ..., just before ovulation
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Graffian (teriary/mature) follicle
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all of a person's cytoplasm comes from their (mother or father)?
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mother
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the ... forms and is stuck in that position until right before ovulation
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secondary oocyte
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... forms only after fusion of sperm with outer membrane
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ovum
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... is a structure that contains a primary oocyte in the center of it with one to several layers of supporting cells called ... or ... cells surrounding it.
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ovarian follicle
follicular granulosa |
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... contains a single layer of flattened follicular cells surrounding the immature primary oocyte.
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primordial follicles
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beginning with the primary follicles, the granulosa cells express receptors for ... hormones (... and ...) produced by the anterior pituitary gland
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gonadotropin
FSH and LH |
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in response to gonadotropins, the granulosa cells produce a variety of secretory products, including steroid hormones (... and ...)
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estrogen
progesterone |
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the ... follicle is the one that starts showing spaces in between the granulosa cells.
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secondary
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# of primary oocytes at birth.
# of primary oocytes at puberty |
2 million
40,000 |
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the process of cells dying off is called the ..
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letricia process
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... oocytes develop only 1 day or so before ovulation
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secondary
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... of the oocyte structure exocytosis after fertilization and change the characteristics of the zona pellucida with their enzymes
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cortical granules
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during each menstrual period, many follicles begin development into ... and ... follicles
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primary
secondary |
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Most oocytes in developing follicles undergo a process of dying called ...
Only 1 or 2 usually survive until ovulation |
Atresia
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as a secondary follicle grows, the follicular layer and ... become huge
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antrum
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just prior to ovulation, the primary oocyte divides to form a ... and the ...
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secondary oocyte
first polar body |
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at ovulation, the secondary oocyte and its ... (cloud of follicular cells) ruptures the outer epithelium of the ovary, forcing them into the ... cavity.
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Cumulus
peritoneal |
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the ... serves as a barrier that normally allows only sperm of the same species access to the egg
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zona pellucida
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when the head of the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, ... occurs
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acrosomal reaction
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the ... and the ... are the two barriers that the sperm must pass through in order to enter the egg
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zona pellucida
corona radiata |
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in the final steps of fertilization, the chromosomes of the definative oocyte become incorportated into a vesicular (membrane bound) structure called the ...
the nucleus of the sperm becomes the ... |
female pronucleus
male pronucleus |
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when the female and male pronuclei fuse into a single nucleus, the organism is now called a...
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zygote
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does mitochondria come from the mother or father?
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mother
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The act of ... releases the ovulated egg from a depressed metabolism and prevents its ultimate disintegration within the female reproductive tract.
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fertilization
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immediately after ..., the zygote undergoes a pronounced shift in metabolism, rapidly manufacturing new proteins --microtubules, histones, enzymes, etc., to prepare for rapid cell division (cleavage)
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fertilization
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zygote cleavage forms ...
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blastomeres
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at about ... days after fertilization, the embryo sheds its zona pellucida and attaches to the uterine lining
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6
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when the embryo consists of approximately 16 cells, it is often called a ...
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morula
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granulosa cells produce ...
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estrogen
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corpus luteum produces ..., which stimulates glands in the uterine to start producing glycogen and other substances to prepare for implantation.
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progesterone
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hcG acts like ... hormone. It's what keeps the uterine lining alive.
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lutinizing
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in the formation of a blastocyst, cells migrate to the periphery just inside of Zona Pellucida in order to leave space on the inside. This space is called...
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blastocyst cavity
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In a blastocyst, the outer cells are called...
inner cells are called... |
trophoblast
embryoblast (inner cell mass) |
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the receptors on the ... will attach to the uterus around the 5th day, after the blastocyst pops out of the zona pellucida
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trophoblast
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the blastocyst will implant on any surface that it comes into contact with, usually the ... or fundis region
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uterine body
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If the blastocyst attaches to something other than the uterine wall, it is known as what type of pregnancy?
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ectopic pregnancies
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By # to # days after fertilization, the embryo is completely embedded in the endometrium
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10-12
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in the formation of the bilaminar embryo, the main upper layer of cells is known as the ..., and the lower layer is called the ... (or primitive endoderm)
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epiblast
hypoblast |
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In the formation of the bilaminar embryo, the hypoblast ultimately gives rise to the endodermal lining (an extraembryonic endoderm called ...) of the yolk sac
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parietal endoderm
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in the formation of the bilaminar embryo, most of the epiblast gives rise to the ...
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embryo
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during the formation of the bilaminar embryo, the primary yolk sac forms, then becomes ..., leaving behind a remenant of the primary yolk sac
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constricted
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Starting at about 12 days after fertilization, another extraembryonic tissue, the ..., begins to appear
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extraembryonic mesoderm
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at the end of the second week, the embryo consists of 2 flat layers of cells, the ... and the ...
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epiblast
hypoblast |
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As the third week of pregnancy begins, the embryo enters the period of gastrulation, during which the 3 embryonic germ layers form from the ...
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epiblast
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By about 10 days after fertilization, ... fills the space between the parietal endoderm and the trophoblast.
These are thought to develop from yolk sac epithelium cells. |
extra-embryonic mesoderm
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Gastrulation begins with the formation of the ...
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primative streak
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during the initiation of gastrulation, what forms the opening from the outside to the end of your pharynx?
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oropharyngeal plate
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at the primitive streak, epithelial cells differentiate into ... and migrate anteriorly into the space between epiblast and hypoblast
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mesoderm
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Notochord arises from epiblast at the ..., where cells migrate between ectoderm and endoderm.
They eventually form a solid cord-like mass |
primative node
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functions of the notochord (3)
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-helps define anterior-posterior axis
-stimulates differentiation of spinal cord and somites -helps create left-right differences |
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what is the eventual fate of the notochord?
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most of it disappears, except for those cells that become nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks.
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the cloacal membrane gives rise to...
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anus
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Does the mesoderm invade the oral plate?
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NO!!
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upon the formation of the mesoderm, epiblast becomes renamed ...
hypoblast becomes renamed ... |
ectoderm
endoderm |
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hypodermis, endodermis, and bone are derived from the ..., which is composed of mesenchymal cells
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mesoderm
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is mesoderm differentiated or undifferentiated?
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undifferentiated
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what is the primary germ layer of the embryo that will develop into the greatest variety of cells and tissues in the entire body?
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mesoderm
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what is this?
-undifferentiated cells. -less well organized than epithelium, not covering surfaces but instead invading and surrounding itself with extracellular matrix. -often migratory, moving with amoeboid motion, possessing a leading edge and a trailing edge. |
mesenchyme
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what type of mesoderm develops between the yolk sac epithelium late in the second week of development?
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extra-embryonic
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what type of mesoderm develops from epiblast (ectoderm) cells of the bilaminar embryo?
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intra-embryonic.
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As ...-embryonic mesoderm grows, it slowly displaces the ...-embryonic mesoderm
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intra-
extra- |
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Gastrulation occurs during the ... week of development. The primative streak and then the ... appear. This indicates the migration of the ... to form a new layer of cells, called the ...
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3rd
node epiblast mesoderm |
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ectoderm comes from ...
mesoderm comes from ... endoderm comes from ... |
epiblast
epiblast epiblast or hypoblast |
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By day #, gastrulation (which begain earlier in the 3rd week of development) and notochord formation have been completed.
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18
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During the 3rd and 4th weeks, the ... and ... form.
Also, the beginnings of the ... form. |
neural tubes
gut tubes GI system |
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The neural tube differentiates out of the ... overlying the notochord.
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ectoderm
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In neural tube formation, the ... is an oval patch stretching from the oral plate to the primative node.
It thickens into a ... |
receptive area
neural plate |
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during neural tube formation, the neural plate, which is ...(thinner? thicker?)... than the original ectoderm, has a layer of ... at the cell's apical surface. These start to contract to initiate ...
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thicker
actin filaments neural folding |
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The CNS appears at the beginning of the ... week as slipper-shaped plate of thickened ectoderm, which is called the ...
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3rd
neural plate |
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the neural plate invaginates along its central axis to form ...
the raised borders of this ... are known as ... |
neural groove
neural groove neural folds |
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By the end of the 3rd week, neural folds move closer and fuse in midline. The neural ... is converted into the neural ...
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groove
tube |
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After the neural groove is converted into the neural tube, a number of cells arise from the neural fold that migrate as mesoderm, referred to as ...
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neural crest cells
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Simultaneously with neural tube formation, is the formation of the ...
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early somites
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The space inside the neural tube is now a neural ...
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canal
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The neural crest cells aggregate ..., but some of the cells migrate through the body.
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posteriorly
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The neural tube gives rise to the ..., which are the ... and ...
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CNS
brain spinal cord |
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the neural crest gives rise to the ..., especially the sensory part of it.
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PNS
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Neural tube formation is induced by the ...
Ectoderm differentiates into ... These cells become taller, creating the ..., which folds over to form the neural groove, and later the ... |
notochord
neuroectoderm neural plate neural tube |
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Formation of the neural tube begins in the ... region of the embryo and progresses towards the ... and ... ends
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cervical
cranial caudal |
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At # days, the neural folds begin to form at the center of the embryo. The anterior and posterior parts still have neural plate.
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20
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At # days, the center folds have already fused and the fusion of the neural folds continue anteriorly and posteriorly.
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22
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By day #, the only 2 small connections between the amnion and neural tube are the ... and the ...
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23
rostral(cranial) neuropore caudal neuropore |
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the somites give rise to the ... that house the spinal chord.
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vertebrae
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The proximal part of the neural tube starts to differentiate into the ... and ...
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brain
brainstem |
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The closure of the ends of the neural tube (... and ... neuropores) occurs towards the end of the # week
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cranial
caudal 4th |
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cranial neuropore closes on day #
caudal closes on day # |
25
27 |
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the 3 parts of the brain and brainstem are (in order from posterior to inferior)
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prosencephalon
mesencephalon rhombencephalon |
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If there is a delay in the rostral neuropore closing, it results in ... (no skull covering the brain, or a portion of it lacking).
This could lead to ... (no development of the brain. |
exencephaly
anacephaly |
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Delay in the caudal neuropore closing will result in ..., which can cause severe CNS problems
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spina bifida
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the ... is at the rostral part of the developing embryo. It gives rise to structures that form part of cardiovascular/respiratory.
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septum transversum
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The region of the ... grows faster than the ... part of the body, which leads to the embryo ...
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brain
caudal folding |
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the results of embryo folding are ...(3)
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-head fold
-tail fold (which will eventually be lost) -lateral body folds |
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As embryo folding is occuring, the yolk sac is growing (slower, faster, same speed?)
Restriction around the yolk sac(which detaches at 6 weeks) and connecting stalk(part of the trophoblast) produces the ... |
slower
Umbilicus |
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What is the connection between the yolk sac and gut tube?(it's important for GI system in the adult)
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Vitelline duct
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What is the blind ended sac from the gut tube?
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Allantois
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These come from which germinal tissue?
-skin (epidermis) -epidermal glands (sweat, sebaceous, mammary) -hair, nails -eye: lens, corneal epithelium -inner ear labyrinth -anterior pituitary |
ectoderm
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What germinal tissue do these come from?
-brain and spinal cord -eye: retina, pigment epithelium, optic nerve -pars nervosa of pituitary gland |
neuroectoderm
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All the sensory parts of the eye come from what germinal tissue?
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neuroectoderm
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What germinal tissue do these come from?
-yolk sac membrane (extra-embryonic mesoderm, and yolk sac epithelium, which becomes part of the GI system) |
endoderm
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Which germinal tissue gives rise to these?
(all internal parts of your body) -epithelium of alimentary canal -pancreas and liver -thyroid, parathyroid -thymus -lung and trachea -middle ear epithelium -urethral epithelium -vaginal epithelium |
endoderm
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where do maturation of T-lymphocytes occur?
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in the thymus
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the mesoderm is made up of...
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notochord
somite intermediate mesoderm lateral plate mesoderm intraembryonic coelom |
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somite differentiation begins from ... mesoderm.
The early somite contains a ... It differentiates into 2 layers, which are... |
undifferentiated
somatocoele dermomyotome and sclerotome |
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dermomyotome differentiates into a ... and a ...
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dermatome
myotome |
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Dermatome gives rise to ...
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connective tissue and other components mostly located in the dermal region of skin
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Myotome gives rise to...
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all skeletal muscle
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sclerotome becomes
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bones, specifically vertebrae and intervertebral disks
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what arises in between other mesodermal groups and gives rise to kidney, ureter and ductus deferens, and gonads?
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intermediate mesoderm
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somatic mesoderm (somatopleure), intraembryonic celom, and splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure) all make up the ...
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lateral plate mesoderm
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what type of mesoderm gives rise to bones, vessels, cartilage, fascia and other connective tissues?
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somatic mesoderm
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what type of mesoderm gives rise to visceral smooth muscle, fascia and connective tissues of viscera, vessels, etc?
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splanchnic mesoderm
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what...
-migrates with the heart during embryo folding -separates the thorax from abdomen early in development -participates in venous cardiac development -final derivative is central tendon of diaphragm |
Septum transversum
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what...
-arises from neural folds? -gives rise to melanocytes of skin, all parts of PNS including ganglion cells, support cells, etc. -In and near head can form bone and cartilage and possibly some muscles in the head? |
neural crest
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where will you find the cell body of all the sensory periphery nerves?
It also migrates the least farthest away from the neural tube. |
dorsal root ganglion
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In the head, many things develop differently. Many bones and cartilage arise from ... mesoderm.
Muscles are from ... (like somites but without sclerotome), not from somite myotome. |
neural crest mesoderm
somitomeres |
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The fetal period starts at the beginning of the ... week.
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9th
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What includes everything derived from the zygote, including fetus (or embryo) plus all surrounding membranes?
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conceptus
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what cavity surrounds the fetus?
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chorionic cavity
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the chorionic membrane is derived from ...
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trophoblast
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what is the significance of the yolk sac? (which is endodermally lined) (4)
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-early nutrient transfer to developing embryo
-formation of germ cells -earliest site of blood cell development -first blood vessels |
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what is this?
-blind ended sac -lined by endoderm -induction of umbilical blood vessels (artery and vein) |
allantois
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the ... are finger-like projections that increase surface area and help attach to the endometrium
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chorionic villi
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what is the lake of maternal blood called?
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lacunae
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what is the significance of the amniotic membrane?
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contains the amniotic fluid
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amniotic fluid arises from ...(4)
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-placenta (early in development by diffusion through chorion)
-amniotic membrane -embryonic urine (mostly water) -guts and developing lung |
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what are the functions of the amniotic fluid? (4)
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-protects from injury (prevents fetal/amnion fusion)
-permits symmetrical growth regulates fetal temperature -fluid exchange |
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what is this?
-space between amnion and uterus -filled with fluid early in life -later, as the amnion grows, this space disappears -villous (of this) eventually becomes placenta |
chorion
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In the fetal period, what shrinks and then disappears?
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chorion
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what is invaded with vessels in order to collect nutrients from the maternal blood?
Outside, the maternal blood surrounds the ville, which form the absorptive surfaces of this. |
Placenta
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the ... contains oxygenated blood and goes towards the fetus. (reverse circulation of what is expected in adult)
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umbilical vein
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where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients occur between the fetus and mother
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lacunae (maternal blood)
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although the embryonic tissue, ..., is bathed in maternal blood, embryonic blood does not contact maternal blood.
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syncitiotrophoblast
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for a premature birth, if a fetus is less than ... grams, they usually won't survive
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500
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How do you determine the age of a fetus? (2)
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LNMP (last normal menst. period)
Estimated day of fertility (=LNMP - 2 weeks) |
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Trimesters are about how many weeks each?
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13 weeks
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Which trimester is this?
All embryonic plus 5 wks fetal period. Most critical part of development |
First trimester
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which trimester is this?
Starts in 'previable' and finishes in 'viable' period. |
second trimester
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which trimester is this?
All 'viable' (it can survive outside the womb) |
third trimester
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A fetus which has not had sufficient lung development to survive outside the womb is ...
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previable
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A fetus which has developed enough lung to survive is ...
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viable
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a fetus is ... if it is gaining weight and progressing.
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thriving
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previable is usually less than ...g
viable is usually greater than that number. The maturity is assessed by amniocentesis test for surfactant |
500 grams (1 lb)
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first fetal movements (quickening) are usually felt at about ... to ... weeks.
movement of limbs is necessary for ... and ... development |
17-20
muscular and nervous system development |
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what is this?
Two separate oocytes fertilized independently, two separate fetuses. |
dizigotic (fraternal) twins
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what is this?
1 zygote or blastocyte divides and creates 2 embryos with the same DNA sequence. May or may not be in the same amniotic cavity. |
monozygotic (identical) twins
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Women over ... often have testing of the fetus for defects done by other means other than a simple ultrasound, just in case there is something serious.
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35
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What are the types of fetal testing? (5)
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ultrasound
amniocentisis chorionic villus sampling fetoscopy radiology |
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what testing of the fetus is used only at need (ex. woman over 35) and is used in karyotyping or for biochemical tests? Usually done between 12-18 weeks.
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amniocentisis
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which method of fetal testing is used to collect chorionic villus cells for Karyotyping?
Done between 10-12 weeks |
chorionic villus sampling
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which method of fetal testing es extremely hazardous to the early fetus and should only be done in the late third trimester and only when all other things have failed and you need the info immediately?
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x-ray of mother and fetus (radiology)
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developmental defects in the first 2 weeks are ...
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so severe, they can cause embryonic death
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Developmental defects that occur in weeks 3-8 could cause serious malformations because that's when ... occur
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organogenisis
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developmental defects can occur from external agents acting by ... (3)
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-interfering with cell division
-interfering with cell migration -delaying cell differentiation |
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Cleft developmental defect is ...
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failure of fusion
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failure of an organ to develop at all is termed...
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agenisis
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abnormal location of development is termed ...
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ectopy
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an abnormal narrowing is termed ...
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stenosis
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an abnormal connection is termed as ...
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fistula
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an abnormal fluid containing strucutre is termed ...
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cyst
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a developmental defect in which is a blind tube is termed...
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atresia
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4 major causes of developmental defects
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-malnutrition and anoxia (lack of O2)
-drugs and toxic agents -viruses -genetic malformation |
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if it stains with acid dyes, it is...
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acidophilic
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