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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing?

Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds


(because physiological is the brain and other vital organs)

If a person describes hunger as a specific pattern of activity in various hypothalamic regions, that would be considered a(n) ________ explanation

physiological

The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear?

describing why fear improves the chances of survival


(because functional is why a structure or behavior evolved as it did)

According to biologist Ray Coppinger, wolves were first domesticated by hunters who realized how helpful they were in bringing down large prey.

False


(the wolves were nice and hungry)

Agouti mice that are malnourished give birth to offspring prone to obesity and diabetes because of changes in gene:

expression


(of myelination)

What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous?

75%

Minimalists believe that

some animal research is acceptable, but not all

Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure brain activity?

PET




fMRI (change in hemoglobin when O2 releases),


CAT (dye into blood)

The view of the brain from below is called the ______ view

ventral




anterior (front)


dorsal (top/back)

Which of the following would contribute to an overestimation of heritability?

ignoring the effect of the prenatal environment

Who was the first researcher to demonstrate that neurons are separate from one another?

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Chemicals that cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:

specialized protein channels

After building a snowman, you notice your hands are cold. The type of neuron that carries information about the temperature of your hands to your spinal cord is a(n):

afferent neuron (neuron that brings info into structure)




efferent neuron (neuron that brings info away from structure)


interneuron and intrinsic neuron (neurons whose axons are all confined within a given structure)

Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by:

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the foot. After amputation of the foot, it is possible that a phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the:

face is touched

Which cell myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system

Schwann cell




astrocyte: glia that synchronize the activity of axons


microglia: immune of nervous system


oligodendrocyte: myelinated central nervous system

What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside?

-70 millivolts

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium _______ the cell while the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell

out of, into

The sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium ions _____ and potassium ions _____

out of the cell; into the cell

What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a potential slightly closer to zero?

depolarization

In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant?

at the nodes of Ranvier

The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was:

Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog haerts

An EPSP typically results from

sodium ions entering the cell

Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential?

rapid sequence of EPSPs

The answer to the previous questions best describes

temporal summation (repeated stimuli)

The catecholamines include:

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

What does it mean to say that acetycholine exerts ionotropic effects?

It opens gates for a particular ion

Which of the following structure gets its name because of the Latin work for "bridge"?

the pons

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ______.

can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell

Which drug is the "ranch dressing" of drugs?

nicotine

Although Olds and Milner called their accidental discovery the "pleasure center", later researchers (e.g. Berridge) would probably say a better name would be the ________ center.

wanting

The human nervous system begins to form when the embryo is about 10 weeks old.

False

The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the:

ventricular system

When Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the by 180 degrees, each axon:

regenerated to the area where it had originally been

Some neurons die during development because:

they fail to receive enough NGF (nerve growth factor, proteins that promotes survival and growth of axons in sympathetic system)

Keeping animals in a varied environment with stimulation increases the:

branching of dendrites

Alcohol can damage the developing brain by:

increasing synaptic inhibition

Although the following methods may or may not actually work, which method would theoretically be of potential benefit to stroke victims (during the stroke)?

blocking glutamate receptors (strokes kill neurons by over stimulus, decreases stimulation)

Diaschisis refers to the:

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

What is constraint-induced therapy?

physical therapy done while a person's good hand is restrained

A primary function of the corpus callosum:

enable the left and right hemispheres to work together

A primary function of the hypothalamus:

control hunger, temperature regulation, aggression, and sex

A primary function of the substantia nigra

produce dopamine

A primary function of the thalamus

relay center

A primary function of the basal ganglia

process working memor

A primary function of the superior colliculus

visual processing

A primary function of the inferior collilculus

auditory

Damage to this impairs performance on the delayed-response or delayed matching to sample tasks

prefrontal cortex