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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what makes it possible for organisms to create an internal fluid envt.
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Multicellularity
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4 tissue groups
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ct, epithelial, muscle, nervous
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3 types of junctions
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anchoring, tight gap
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Epithelial tissue
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covers the body, little ECM cover surfaces of internal organs, secrete/absorb substances
1 free outer surface sometimes with microvilli for surface area sometimes covered with cilia internally |
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Epithelia cell classifications
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Simple, or stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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Connective tissue types 6 of them
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loose fibrious cartilage, bone, adipose, blood
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Loose ct
cell type (most abundant) |
cells distributed around by an open network of collagen and glycoprotein fibers
Fibroblasts secrete most of the stuff |
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Fibrous CT
cell type |
highly ordered parrallel bundles max tensile str and elasticity
Fibroblasts make up the ecm, but are sparsely distributed among collagen and elastin fibers |
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Cartilage
Cell type> |
sparsely distributed cells surrounded by networks of collagen fibers embedded in an elastic matrix of glycoprotein chondroitin sulfate
Chondrocytes |
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Bone
cell type? |
Densest ct supports body protects structures and contributes to movement
Osteocytes are the main cell type |
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Adipose tissue
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mostly large densely clustered cells called adipocytes that store fat, like a signet ring
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Blood
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ECM plasma, a solution of proteins, nutrient molecules ions gases, wbc rbc platelets ect.
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skeletal muscle
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movement voluntary striated many nuclei actin and myosin
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Cardiac
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heart, striated intercalated disks, functional synsidium
Gap junctions make it possible. |
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Nervous tissue
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neurons glial cells (support and provide nutrition
cell body axons and dendrites Dendrites recieve |
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Homeostasis is accomplished by
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Negative feedback mechanisms, sensor>integrator>effector
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acid chyme enters the
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duedonem passes the pyloric sphincter
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Pancrease makes...
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HCO3 which passes through a duct and mixes with acid chyme
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Liver
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detoxifies stores glycogen and makes bile which emulsifies fat
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Animals require what kinds of molecules for nutrition
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Both organic and inorganic
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Types of feeding methods
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omnivores carnivores herbavores
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Calorie
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amount of heat energy required to raise 1ml of pure water 1 celcius
From 14.5C to 15.5C |
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Fluid feeders
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ingest liquids that contain organic molecules in soln
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Suspention feeders
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ingest small organisms suspended in water
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Deposit feeders
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pick up or scrape particles of organic matter from solid material they live in or on
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Bulk feeders
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animals that consume sizable food items whole or in lg chunks
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Intracellular process
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endocytosis fusing with lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes
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extracellular digestion
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outside the cell in a pouch or tub
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5 digestive tube steps
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Mastication, chewing;
Secretion of enzymes released into the tube; Eynzymatic hydrolysis, food molecules broken down through enzyme rxns into absorbable molecular subunits; Absoption; Elimination |
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Annelid deposit feeder
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pushes particles into its mouth through the esophagus into a crop> gizzard>long intestine
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Insect digestion
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Mouth>pharynx>esophagus>crop>gizzard>stomach>gastric ceca
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Bird digestion
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crop > gizzard> stomach>intestinal system
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Humans require essential amino acids(8) and fatty acids(2) what are they?
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Amino acids: lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonin, valine, methionin, leucine, isoeucine
Fatty acids only two of them linoleic acid linolenic acid |
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Humans require how many vitamins in diet
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13
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In digestion what does the stomach do?
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Releases acid chyme
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Carbohydrates
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primary organic molecules in nutrition
contain 4.2 kcal/gram |
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Undernutrition
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Inadequate intake of calories
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Malnutrition
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missing one or more essential nutrients
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Overnutrition
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excess calories
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Kwashiokor
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protein deficiency
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Fatty acid deficiency
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Is rare only two needed Linoleic acid and linolenic
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Water soluble vitamins
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B vit folic acid biotin Vit C
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Fat soluple vitamins
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hydrophobic DAKE store in fat,
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2 macronutrients
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calcium phosphorus
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Micronutrients
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Copper, Mg, Fe, Na, I trace amounts required
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4 feeding methods of animals
and some examples |
Fluid feeders (aphids mosquitoes spiders Birds, bats
Suspension feeders, Clams mussels barnicles birds whales Deposit feeders: earthworm Bulk feeder: Snakes and most mammals |
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Enzymatic hydrolysis
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chem. bonds broken down by enzymes
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Medulla oblongata w/ respect to digestion
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It's where the nervous impulses for tasting food (tactile sensation)
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Vagus nerve stimulates
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Secretion of HCL and pepsin and gastrin- made in the stomach
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Duodenum what hormone is produceds there?
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Secretein targest the pancrease where bicrbonate is secreted itno the duodenum (EXOCRINE GLAND)
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Bicarbonate is important why?
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because it's a base that neutralizes acid chyme
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Pancreas makes what hormone?
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Bicarmonate it mixes with acid chyme in the dueodenum
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Where is fat emulsified
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In the sm int, takes big lipids bends then breaks into globules of fat
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What breaks down globules of fat?
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Lipases
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Salivary amylase
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First site of digestion in the mouth starch is broken down there
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Gall bladder what does it do?
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stores the bile that is made in the liver, releases it through the common bile duct into the dueod.
bile emulsifies fat it coats fat |
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Small intestines
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is where most Extra cellular digestion takes place has microvilli with a brush border.at the lumen of the sm. int.
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whats the difference btw amino acids and carbs/sugars with respect to fats
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Liver filters out amino acids and carbs/sugars while the fat is dumped into the lymph then the lymp ducts and to the HEART!
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Pepsin process? How is it broken down?
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Polypeptides>PiP components > amino acids > into blood
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Polysaccharides and disacharids how are they broken down?
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into mono saccharides (by amylase) and dumped into the blood
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Nucleic acids how are they broken down
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An enzyme acts on them, nuclease, into necleotides and then into ribose and then into the blood
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Hepatic portal system what's it's importance?
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The hepatic lets the broken down components be detoxified by the liver rather then going straight to the heart and circulation (except fats)
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Fats how are they broken down?
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Bile first works on it, pancrease produces lipase which takes Micelles and breaks them into monoglycerides and fatty acids along with bile salts (which are recycled.
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What are chylomicrons how are they made?
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Monoglyc and fatty acids brought into the cell and coated by proteins. These are called chylomicrons
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Where do chylomicrons go after they are made?
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Dumped into the Lacteal, lympsystem which dumps it back into the blood bypassing the liver
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Mouth enzyme
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salivary amylase breaks starch into sugar
aka ptylin |
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stomach what does it make?
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Pepsin and HCL
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Pancrease what enzyme does it make?
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Chymotripsin
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What muscles can be found at the anal sphincter?
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External skeletal internal smooth
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The function of the Lg. Int
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Absorb H2O
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Bile
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made in the liver goes through the hepatic (r&l)duct into the common hepatic duct, then into the gall bladder through the cystic duct, where it is stored, it then goes through common bile duct and into the small intestines
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Out of 20 Amino acids how many are essential? What does essential mean?
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8 out of 20 are essential meaning our bodies don't produces them and get them from diet
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Pig bellies but skinny African children, why?
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Protein deficiency Kwashkio
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Lineolic
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Omega 3 fatty acid that is Essential
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Vitamins are made from...
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they are carbon based inorganic
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Most common problem from trace element deficiency
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Iron anemia is the most common trace element deficiency
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Gastrovascular Cavity
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Sac-like digestion, food and circulation closed system
central cavity where digestion takes place. Jellyfish Flatworms |
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Pepsin
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HCl turns pepsinogen into pepsin which breaks down proteins
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Cheif cells
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make pepsinogen
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Parietal cells
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Make HCl
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respiratory medium
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can be water air..
generally the concentration of O2 is higher in there; must be extensive (to all cells) thin and moist. = |
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Diffusion
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Down concentration gradient, respiratory surface connects with respiratory medium where diffusion occurs
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2 adaptations to help animals
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Ventilation flow of respiratory medium over resp. surface (external)
Perfusion the rate at which O2 and CO2 are exchanged. The fluid that flows across the respiratory surface (internal) |
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Resp. Mediums
Water vs Air |
Water is 1000x's thicker and carries 30xs less O2
water is wet while air you need to moisten the air... |
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evaginations of gills
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Help increase surface area
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Counter current flow
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Blood flows one way water the other, that way 80% of the O2 is absorbed/diffused into the blood.
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What do insects use for gas exchange
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Tracheal system
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Negative pressure breathing
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Bringing air into the chest cavity where the lungs are
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Pluera
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Double layered epithelial tissue that covers the lungs
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vital capacity
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Max amount of air breathed in or inspiration
3400 females 4800 males |
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The parts of the brain (2) that control and regulate breathing are?
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PONS fine tunes breathing & medulla oblongata- both inhale and exhale
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hemoglobin
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4 subunits of heme each carrying 250k O2 for a total of 1billion
the vertebrate respiratory pigment |
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CO2 binds with water to make
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Carbonic Acid H2CO3 inside RBCs
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Oxygen
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Important for suvival and the final electron acceptor
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Physiological respiration
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process whereby animals excchange gases with their surroundings
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External gills
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Can be damaged can use water as a resp. medium
Sea slug mudpuppy |
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internal gills
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Harder to damage as they are protected, uses water as resp. medium
Clams Mussels Crustaceans |
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Insects respiratory system
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openwith hemolymph & hemoceol
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Tidal volume
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500ml resting state of lungs
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Residual volume
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Amount of air left in the lungs upon expiration
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Expiratory reserve
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max additional quantity of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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max additional volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal respiration
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Vital Capacity
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Total Volumes, greatest volume of air that can be moved in a single breathe
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Rib cage during breathing
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Up and out, down and in
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Positive pressure breathing
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Air forced into the lungs frogs do this
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Partial pressure
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when gases are present in a mixture the pressure for each of those gasses
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Oxygen's partial pressure
1 atm |
21% O2 in air
760 mmHg .21x760= 160 mmHg |
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Carbon Dioxide's partial pressure
1 atm |
.04% CO2 in air
760 mmHg .04 x 760 = 30.4 mmHg |
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Hydrogen Ions importance in gas exchange
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chemical receptors monitor the pH not the amount of CO2 as CO2 binds with H2O bicarbonate and H+ ions are formed. HCO3 travels in the blood while H+ is held in the RBCs
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fish closed systems with heart
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atrium and ventricle circulate blood
1 way blood flow single circuit system |
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Frogs circulation and heart
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2 atria 1 ventricle frogs also breathe through skin double circuit system. pulmocutaneous and systemic
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turtles lizards and snakes circulation and heart
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2 atria 1 ventricle with a bump / ridge that separates little mixing of blood
pulmonary and systemic |
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humans crocs birds
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4 chambered 2 atria 2 vent no mixing double circuit
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