Bio 1114 Exam 1

Front 1

ancestral

Back 1

wild type

Front 2

descendant

Back 2

current type

Front 3

empirical data

Back 3

observational data

Front 4

evolution

Back 4

descent with modification, change over time

Front 5

science

Back 5

the unbiased interpretation of representative data

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gathering data _____ science

Back 6

is NOT

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interpreting data ____ science

Back 7

IS

Front 8

with dog breed, the agent exerting the selective pressure is:

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human preference

Front 9

the mechanism that drives human preference is:

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artificial selection

Front 10

artifactual selection

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the unintended consequences of artificial selection

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predation

Back 11

agent exerting selective pressure in mantids mechanism

Front 12

traits are aquired by

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mutation

Front 13

mutation is

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random

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cryptic traits

Back 14

traits that help hide

Front 15

mechanism that drives evolution is

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natural selection

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persistance

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response of the organism or trait to continue survival

Front 17

sexual selection

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subset of natural selection

exerting selective pressure in sheep horns

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convergent evolution

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similar traits manifesting in multiple animals for the same reason (fusiform body in sharks, whales, and penguins)

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herbivory

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predation for plants

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evolution _____ driven by need or want

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IS NOT

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natural selection ____ goal

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HAS NO

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evolution started ___

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when life appeared

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evolution ____ goal

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has NO

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Process

Back 24

evolution/change over time/descent with modification

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mechanisms

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artificial, artifactual, natural and sexual selection

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agents

Back 26

females, weather, human preference, predation etc.

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strategy

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various traits organisms manifest that contribute to their survival and reproduction

Front 28

Alfred Wallace

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developed his own theory of natural selection and sent it to Darwin

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Observations of Darwin

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observations of natural selection, 5

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observation 1

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organisms produce as many offspring as they can

from Melvis

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observation 2

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resources are limited

from Melvis

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observation 3

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competition means that some organisms will live and some will die

from Melvis

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observation 4

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every individual varies from every other individual

from literally anyone

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observation 5

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some variations lead to competative success and are heritable

from farmers

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Inferences of Darwin

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2 inferences about natural selection

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inference 1

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heritable variations which lead to success are more likely to survive

Front 37

inference 2

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over generations, successful variations collect and over time, change the look or behavior of descendents

Front 38

theory

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culmination of many tested and accepted hypotheses which support one another and that, together, are grand in scope. is FALSIFIABLE.

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genotype

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collection of traits

Front 40

phenotype

Back 40

what you look like

Front 41

every organism possesses a ______ which manifest as a _____ which interacts with the environment

Back 41

genotype, phenotype

Front 42

selection operates only on the _____ but only the ____ evolves

Back 42

individual; population

Front 43

selection can operate only on the ____ but the ____ genotype change(s)

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phenotype; population

Front 44

genetic drift

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small population where many are wiped out so population seems different

Front 45

bottle neck

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most of population is wiped out and remaining has to repopulate with few survivors

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pleiotropy

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condition of one gene controlling more than one (and potentially unrelated) phynotypic traits

Front 47

microevolution

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change in allelic makeup at population level

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macroevolution

Back 48

change in species

from one to another or from one into two

Front 49

cladogenesis

Back 49

macroevolution when the change in species is from one into two

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allopatric

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2 populations differentiate in 2 separate geographical areas

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sympatric

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2 populations differentiate in the same geographic area

Front 52

2 types of speciation

Back 52

allopatric and sympatric

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3 steps of speciation

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1. separation by geography

2. separation by reproductive process

3. genetic divergence by accumulation of changes

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allopatric speciation requires ____ steps of speciation

Back 54

all three

Front 55

sypatric speciation requires steps _______ of speciation

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steps 2 and 3

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allopatric is ____ common

Back 56

more

Front 57

sympatric is _____ interesting

Back 57

more

Front 58

dispersal

Back 58

occurs from geographic separation

Front 59

dessication

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drying out

one of the biggest selective pressures

Front 60

adaptive radiation

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geographic speciation on a grand scale

happens when islands appear or after mass extinction

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reproductive isolation

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when a change differentiates a subset from another (switching preferred food source, switching from day to night activity etc.)

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prezygotic

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hinder mating or fertilization

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postzygotic

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hybrid is not viable or not a fertile adult

Front 64

prezygotic examples

Back 64

habitat (land v. water), temporal (day v. night active), behavioral (courting), mechanical (flower shape/color), gametic (zygote can't be used)

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postzygotic example

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inviable hybrid or infertile adult

Front 66

___zygote are more common

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prezygotic

Front 67

need ___, ____, and ____ to cross-breed in nature

Back 67

possibility, potential, likelihood

Front 68

Determine if they are the same species

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1. IF you can't mate or

2. IF you can't reproduce or

3. IF you can't produce robust, fertile offspring

THEN you are NOT the same species

Front 69

Order of Life

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 70

Two species concepts

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Morphological and Biological

Front 71

Morphological (MSC)

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based on morphology (physical characteristics)

most common

Front 72

Biological (BSC)

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based on reproduction

preferred

Front 73

Sympatric Speciation

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at least half of all plant species arose by this type of polyploidy

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polyploidy

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chromosomal renumbering

Front 75

vegetative reproduction

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a way that animals can reproduce (like if you bury a leaf and a tree grows from it)

Front 76

-ploidy

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how many sets of chromosomes the organism is made of (in the case of humans, two so we are diploid)

Front 77

BSC can be limited by

Back 77

size, if the animal is asexual

Front 78

MSC is usually done using

Back 78

dead organisms

Front 79

the biggest limitation of MSC is that

Back 79

you have to pick the right traits (that are relevant and helpful)

Front 80

homologous traits are traits that result from

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common ancestry

Front 81

analogous traits are traits that result from

Back 81

evolutionary convergence

Front 82

the newest means of deciphering relationships is via

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DNA

Front 83

Niche

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multidimensional "place" a species occupies in the ecological "landscape"

Front 84

the only thing that can exactly 100% overlap with your niche is

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another animal of your same species

Front 85

in classifications above species, all relationships are ____

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theoretical; because humans just made them up

Front 86

birds are ____ dinosaurs

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high evolved

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monophyly

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described ancestor and all descendants

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paraphyly

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have ancestor but not all descendants

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polyphyly

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have descendant but not ancestors

Front 90

to be alive, an organism...

Back 90

1. is at least a single cell

2. reformulates energy from the outside work in order to...

3. ... maintain its internal environment

4. ... assemble the molecules it needs (to survive, to grow and to reproduce)

5. reliably replicate itself by passing heritable traits onto its viable offspring

Front 91

darwinian fitness

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ability to create more viable offspring that your species neighbor

Front 92

first life on the planet was ___

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bacteria

Front 93

viruses

Back 93

can't replicate

can't produce energy

have no metabolism

are genes in a coat

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fist life on each was ___

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4.5 bya

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oldest fossils are of ____

Back 95

microorganisms

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first fossils are ____

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3.5 bya

Front 97

stromatolits

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fossilized beacterial maps

Front 98

radiometric dating

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dating fossils

Front 99

life originated from (3 things)

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1. primeval seas

2. extraterrestrial

3. volcanic vents

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life evolved ___

Back 100

in the shallow seas

Front 101

largest mass extinction

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the permian

250 mya

because of volcanic activity

96% life lost

Front 102

plate tectonics is also known as

Back 102

continental drift

proposed in 1912 by Wegener

Front 103

most famous mass extinction

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Critaceous

65 mya

meteor impact

eridium film

about 50% marine species lost

all dinos lost

diversified mammals

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2 types of cells

Back 104

prokaryote and eukaryote

Front 105

2 types of prokaryotes

Back 105

1. bacteria (vast majority)

2. archaea (extremophiles)

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eukaryotes

Back 106

developed after prokaryotes

evolved by endosymbiosis

Front 107

3 domains

Back 107

1. bacteria

2. archaea

3. eukarya

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stromatalite

Back 108

rock which shows fossilized bacteria map

3.5 bya, know bc of radioactive isotopes

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cyanobacteria

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earliest prokaryotes

photosynthetic and produced oxygen

Front 110

flagellum

Back 110

50% prokaryotes move via them

spiral motion

forward movement

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spiral motion is called

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pump and screw movement

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most prokaryotes are ___

Back 112

harmless

Front 113

conjugation

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direct transfer of DNA

Front 114

transformation

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picked up from environment (can even be from a dead bacteria)

Front 115

transduction

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phages (viruses)

Front 116

every resistant bacteria that exist came about ____

Back 116

when humans tried to kill it

Front 117

mitochondria and plastids have ____

Back 117

their own DNA and they reproduce

Front 118

Endosymbiont Theory is based on what?

Back 118

presence of mitochondria and plastids

Front 119

protist

Back 119

most complex eukaryote

protists are a kingdom

Front 120

eukarya kindgom includes:

Back 120

fungi, animals, plants, protists

Front 121

protozoans

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animal-like protists

Front 122

algae

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plant-like protists

Front 123

molds

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fungus-like protists

Front 124

duplication

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one of the most important genetic mutations

every time there is a duplication, you can more DNA to work with.

Front 125

mutation are usually ____ or ____

Back 125

neutral; deleterious

Front 126

founder effect

Back 126

population manifesting strange gene that can be tracked back to original ancestor

Front 127

paralogous gene

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same gene, same species

duplicated in the same genome

Front 128

outer boundary of cells must allow

Back 128

1. diffusion

2. osmosis

Front 129

cells must _____ because of size constraints

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specialize

Front 130

organisms group together to form ___

Back 130

colonies

Front 131

orthologous genes

Back 131

same gene, different species

Front 132

heritable factors

Back 132

genes

Front 133

Mendel was around _____ Darwin

Back 133

at about the same time

Front 134

mutation is the only source of ___

Back 134

novel alleles

Front 135

mutation is the most powerful source of ____

Back 135

modification

Front 136

first animal fossils ___ years ago

Back 136

575 million

Front 137

cabrian explosion took place ___ years ago

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542-525 million

Front 138

animals, by definition, have ____ cell(s)

Back 138

more than one

Front 139

a trait can be "____" instead of physical

Back 139

regulatory

Front 140

3 domains

Back 140

bacteria, eukarya, archaea

Front 141

4 kingdoms

Back 141

plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

Front 142

animals

Back 142

multicellular eukarya

have NO cell walls

Front 143

animals that eat others are called

Back 143

heterotrophs

Front 144

hox

Back 144

gene which controls body part placements

Front 145

every animal but ____ have hox genes

Back 145

sponges

Front 146

hox genes are highly ___

Back 146

conserved

Front 147

hox genes are ___

Back 147

homeobox

Front 148

scientists characterize animals by ___

Back 148

body plan

Front 149

body plan symmetry

Back 149

1. radial (mirror down the center any way)

2. bilateral (mirror down the center 1 way)

3. asymmetrical

Front 150

cephalization

Back 150

convergence of nerve network thus that there is a head and a tail end

Front 151

there are about ___ animal phyla

Back 151

35

Front 152

tissue layers

Back 152

1. 0

2. 2

3. 3

Front 153

body cavity

Back 153

1. acoelomate

2. pseudocoelomate

3. coelomate

Front 154

segmentation trends

Back 154

1. no segments

2. many segments

3. fewer segments

Front 155

non-bilateral is ____

Back 155

not as successful

Front 156

bilaterial have ____ tissues

Back 156

3

Front 157

non-bilaterial have ____ tissues

Back 157

0 or 2

Front 158

hexapods are _____ with ___ segments and __ legs (on the thorax only)

Back 158

insects; 3; 6

Front 159

4 groups of arthropods

Back 159

butterflies/moths

bees and wasps

flies

beetles

Front 160

3 kinds of bilaterial

Back 160

iophotrocazoa

ecdysozoa

deuterostomes

Front 161

2 types of iophotrocazoa

Back 161

mollusca

annelids

Front 162

mollusca details

Back 162

food, visceral mass, mantle

no segmentation

complete coelom

Front 163

annelids body plan

Back 163

segments, chaetae, complete coelom

Front 164

2 types of ecdysozoa

Back 164

nematodes

arthropods

Front 165

nematodes details

Back 165

no segments, pseudocoelum, no circulatory system

Front 166

ecdysozoa

Back 166

monophylitic

have exoskeletons

undergo molting to grow

Front 167

most famous nematode

Back 167

c. elegans

lab rat of invertibrits

eutely (959)

Front 168

arthropods

Back 168

over 1 million species

have segments, jointed foot, hard exoskeleton

ex. hexapods

Front 169

deuterostomes detail

Back 169

embryonic cleavage

blastopore = anus

Front 170

1 type of deuterostome

Back 170

chordate

Front 171

chordate

Back 171

post anal tail, pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hallow nerve cord