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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemistry |
the study of composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter |
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Matter |
anything that occupies space and mass, which can be classified by state and by composition |
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Chemical |
substance that has the same composition and property wherever it is found |
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Scientific Method |
a general approach that scientists use to solve problems Four parts: observations, hypothesis, experiment, theory |
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Observations |
what a scientist sees Qualitative Quantitative |
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Hypothesis |
proposed explanation of an observation |
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Experiment |
procedural steps to test hypothesis |
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Theory |
prediction of behavior based on experiment underlying cause |
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Mass |
kilogram kg |
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Length |
meter m |
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Time |
second s
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Temperature |
Kelvin K |
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Amount of substance |
mole mol |
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mega- |
10^6 M |
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kilo- |
10^3 k |
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hecto- |
10^2 h |
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deca- |
10^1 da |
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deci- |
10^-1 d |
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centi- |
10^-2 c |
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milli- |
10^-3 m |
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micro- |
10^-6 µ |
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nano- |
10^-9 n |
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Precision |
depends on the number of times you get the same results |
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Accuracy |
depends on the degree of closeness to the actual value |
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Percent error |
determines how well you performed your experiment compared to a perfect experiment percent error = 100% * [(experimentally determined - calculated value) / calculated value] |
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Density |
describes how much an object weighs compared to its size d = mass/volume conversion factor and formula |
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Matter |
anything that occupies space and mas, which can be classifies by composition and by state |
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Composition of Matter |
pure substance or mixture |
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Pure substance |
a substance containing only one type of atom or molecule can be element or compound |
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Mixture |
a substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules that can be combined in variable proportions heterogeneous (visible parts) or homogeneous (non visible parts) |
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Decanting |
separates a liquid and a solid via carefully pouring off the liquid leaving the solid behind |
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Filtration |
separates a solid and a liquid via pouring the mixture through a filter, which the liquid passes through but not the solid |
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Distillation |
separates a miscible (mixes equally in all proportions) liquid by boiling off the one with the lower boiling point |
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Solid |
fixed shape and volume noncompressible |
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Liquid |
variable shape fixed volume noncompressible |
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Gas |
variable shape and volume compressible |
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Physical properties |
describe the APPEARANCE of the type of matter extensive and intensive |
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Extensive property |
depends on the amount of substance present Ex: mass and volume can change extra |
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Intensive property |
does not depend on the amount of substance present Ex: density and boiling point doesn't change |
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Chemical property |
one that substance diplays only by changing its composition via a chemical change Ex: flammability of gasoline |
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Energy |
the capacity to do work Joule (J) |
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Kinetic energy |
energy of motion Ex: running |
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Potential energy |
the amount of energy that results from an objects position |
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Heat of a substance (q) |
can either be absorbed (q) or released (-q) q = m*SH(c)∆t |
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Protein |
17 kJ/g 4 kcal/g |
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Carbohydrate |
17 kJ/g 4 kcal/g |
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Fat |
38 kJ/g 9 kcal/g |
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Si |
silicon |
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Sc |
scandium |
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V |
vanadium |
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Cr |
chromium |
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Mn |
manganese |
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Co |
colbalt |
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Zr |
zirconium |
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Mo |
molybdenum |
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Pd |
Palladium |
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Ag |
silver |
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Sn |
tin |
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I |
iodine |
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Xe |
xenon |
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Cs |
Cesium |
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Ba |
barium |
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La |
lanthanum |
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Ga |
gallium |
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Ge |
germanium |
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As |
arsenic |
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Se |
selenium |
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Br |
bromine |
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Kr |
krypton |
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Rb |
rubidium |
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Sr |
strontium |
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Zr |
zirconium |
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Pd |
palladium |
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Cs |
cesium |
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La |
lanthanum |
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W |
tungsten |
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Pt |
plantinum |
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Hg |
mercury |
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Pb |
lead |
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Bi |
bismuth |
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At |
astatine |
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Rn |
radon |
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Fr |
francium |
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Ac |
actinium |
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U |
uranium |
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elements |
the fundamental building blocks of matter 116 of them arranged in periodic table |
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Periodic law |
Dmitri Mendeleev when elements are arranged in order of increasing mass; certain sets of properties recur periodically |
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Periods |
rows of the periodic table |
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Groups |
columns with special names because of similarity of the chemical properties within |
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Metals |
comprise most of elements usually lose e- when involved in chemical reactions make good electrical and thermal conductors |
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Nonmetals |
located near the top right of the periodic table usually gain electrons from metals and share electrons with nonmetals in reaction |
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Metalloids (semi-metals or semi-conductors) |
both metal and nonmetal propeties can be found in region of table between metals and nonmetal B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te |
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Group 1A- Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr |
Alkali metals solid at room temp react violently with water |
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Group 2A- Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra |
Alkaline Earth Metals Solid at room temperature React vigorously with oxygen |
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Group 7A- F, Cl, Br, I, At |
Halogens Mostly gas at room temp Forms salts when bonded to a metal |
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Group 8A- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn |
Noble gases Gases at room temp Monatomic gases |
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Groups A |
Representative elements |
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1B-8B |
Transition metals mostly solid at room temp can form complex ions |
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Diatomics |
Have (H2) No (N2) Fear (F2) Of (O2) Ice (I2) Cold (Cl2) Beer (Br2) |
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Dalton's Atomic Theory of Matter |
Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Definite Proportions Law of Multiple Proportions 1. All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivible and indestructable 2. All atoms of a given element are indentical both in mass and in chemical properties 3. Atoms combine in simple, fixed whole number ratios to form compounds 4. Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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J.J. Thompson |
Cathode ray tube discovered electron |
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Robert Millikan |
oil drop experiment charge of electron |
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Francis W. Aston |
Masses of isotopes spectrograph |
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Ernest Rutherford |
Proton and nucleus gold foil experiment |
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James Chadwick |
neutrons |
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Atomic number |
proton number |
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Mass number |
protons + neutrons |
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Isotope |
variation of an element that has the same number of protons and electrons, but has a different number of neutrons |
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Relative abundance |
percentage of an isotope that exists in nature sum of all = 100% |
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Avg atomic mass= |
(1st isotope mass)(Rel. Abundance) +...... |
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What does n describe? |
level or shell 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. indicates the relative distance of the orbital from the nucleus the higher the number, the greater the distance of the electrons from the nucleus
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Subshell |
where you can find electrons with the identical energy indicates the shape identified as s < p < d < f (energy wise) Max number of possible subshells in each level = n
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1s obital |
spherical shape |
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3p orbitals |
dumbbell shape |
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5d orbitals |
double dumbbell and double dumbbell with a taurus shape |
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Pauli exclusion principle |
an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons |
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Total number of orbitals in a shell = |
n^2 |
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Total number of electrons in a shell = |
2 * n^2 |
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Orbital Diagram |
shows how electrons are arranged in orbitals in order of increasing energy |
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Aufbau priciple |
to build up |
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Hund's rule |
fill in each orbital with 1 electron first and then go back and fill in the rest |
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Electron configuration for Cr |
[Ar] 3d^5 4s^1 |
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Electron configuration for Cu |
[Ar] 3d^10 4s^1 |