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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is NOT part of a phase I clinical trial?
A. testing on the targer human population B. testing how the drug is metabolized C. testing how rapidly the drug is removed from the body D. testing the most effective administration of the drug |
A. testing on the target human population
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The normal range of arterial blood pH is
A. 6.50-7.50 B. 7.35-7.45 C. 6.95-7.05 D. 7.15-7.25 |
B. 7.35-7.45
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A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by
A. an effector B. an integrating center C. a sensor D. a chemical messenger |
C. a sensor
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Which of the following systems is NOT primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis?
A. the endocrine system B. the nervous system C. both the endocrine system and the nervous system D. the reproductive system |
D. the reproductive system
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If blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes takes place to bring glucose levels back to normal?
A. increase in insulin - increase in glucagon B. increase in insulin - decrease in glucagon C. decrease in insulin - increase in glucagon D. decrease in insulin - decrease in glucagon |
C. decrease in insulin - increase in glucagon
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Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?
A. bind neurons together B. help nourish neutrons C. conduct impulses to effectors D. modify the extracellular environment of neurons |
C. conduct impulses to effectors
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an exocrine gland?
A. mucous gland that secretes onto respiratory passages B. sweat gland that secretes onto the skin C. salivary gland that secretes into the mouth D. testes cells that secrete testosterone into the blood |
D. testes cells that secrete testosterone into the blood
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The zygote (fertilized egg) has the ability to produce all the various types of cells found in the body This ability is known as
A. pluripotent B. multipotent C. totipotent D. omnipotent |
C. totipotent
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The main body compartment that is inside cells is the ____ compartment
A. extracellular B. interstitial C. intercellular D. intracellular |
D. intracellular
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An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a net charge of
A. -1 B. -2 C. +1 D. +2 |
A. -1
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A blood pH of 7.6 is
A. indicative of acidosis B. indicative of alkalosis C. in the normal physiological range D. indicates effective buffering by the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system |
B. indicative of alkalosis
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Regarding acids and bases,
A. acids will increase the pH of a solution B. bases will decrease the pH of a solution C. acids will accept hydrogen ions in a solution D. bases will accept hydrogen ions in a solution |
D. bases will accept hydrogen ions in a solution
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Most of the water found in the body is in the
A. blood B. intracellular fluid compartment C. extracellular fluid compartment D. blood and extracellular fluid compartment |
B. intracellular fluid compartment
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How many single bonds can a carbon atom form if it is double-bonded to an oxygen atom?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
B. 2
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Peptide bonds are formed by the process of
A. ketosis B. hydrolysis C. dehydration synthesis D. aromatization |
C. dehydration synthesis
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A protein that is combined with another type of molecule like a carbohydrate is
A. conjugated B. denatured C. hydrolyzed D. complemental |
A. conjugated
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Release of neurotransmitters occurs via
A. exocytosis B. endocytosis C. phagocytosis D. pinocytosis |
A. exocytosis
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The pH of the cytoplasm is more ______ than the interior of a primary lysosome
A. basic B. acidic C. neutral |
A. basic
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Cells actively involved in secreting proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of
A. lysosomes B. peroxisomes C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
C. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Damage to the cellular DNA that cannot be repaired would induce
A. mitosis B. meiosis C. apoptosis D. cell division |
C. apoptosis
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Crossing over is important for
A. increasing genetic variability B. preventing mutations C. limiting genetic recombination D. maintaining chromosome structure |
A. increasing genetic variability
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Proteins that are partially embedded on one side of the plasma membrane are
A. integral proteins B. transport proteins C. peripheral proteins D. fluid proteins |
C. peripheral proteins
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How are the phospholipids arranged to form the plasma membrane?
A. single layer with hydrophilic heads outward B. double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other C. double layer with hydrophilic heads facing inward toward each other D. double layer with phospholipids on the outside and proteins on the inside |
B. double layer with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other
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The only flagellated cells in humans are
A. ova B. sperm C. goblet cells D. tumor cells |
B. sperm
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What organelle functions to chemically modify cellular products and package them in vesicles?
A. golgi apparatus B. mitochondrion C. lysosome D. ribosome |
A. golgi apparatus
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The _____ of the messenger RNA is recognized by the _____ of the transfer RNa
A. triplet, codon B. codon, anticodon C. anticodon, codon D. anticodon, triplet |
B. codon, anticodon
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In the reaction (H2O+CO2<->H2CO3), increasing the concentration of H2O would
A. decrease the concentration of H2CO3 B. increase the concentration of H2CO3 C. increase the concentration of CO2 D. have no effect on either CO2 or H2CO3 concentrations |
B. increase the concentration of H2CO3
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Which of the following does NOT affect the activity of an enzyme?
A. the organ the enzyme is in B. concentration of enzyme and substrate molecules C. concentration of cofactors and coenzymes D. pH and temperature |
A. the organ the enzyme is in
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In response to increased concentration of the final product of a metabolic pathway
A. all enzymes in the pathway become more active B. intermediate enzymes become more active C. the final product acts as an allosteric regulator of one enzyme in the pathway D. all enzymes in the pathway become less active |
C. the final product acts as an allosteric regulator of one enzyme in the pathway
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Which of the following is NOT true of catalysts?
A. they are unchanged by the reaction catalyzed B. they allow engergonic reactions to become exergonic reactions C. they increase the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction D. all of these choices are true |
B. they allow endergonic reactions to become exergonic reactions
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Cellular respiration results in an _________ in entropy as glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide
A. increase B. decrease C. no change |
A. increase
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Free energy is ______ when exergonic reactions proceed
A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged |
B. decreased
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If NAD becomes reduced it is an
A. reducing agent B. oxidizing agent C. zymogen D. allosteric inhibitor |
B. oxidizing agent
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Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as
A. hormones B. cofactors C. enzymes D. inhibitors |
C. enzymes
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The rate at which a chemical reaction can be increased is by either ______ the temperature or _______ the activation energy
A. increasing, increasing B. increasing, decreasing C. decreasing, decreasing D. decreasing, increasing |
B. increasing, decreasing
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Metal ions such as magnesium or calcium can serve as enzyme
A. coenzymes B. ribozymes C. substrates D. cofactors |
D. cofactors
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Regulation of a metabolic pathway by the final product of the pathway is termed
A. allosteric inhibition B. end-product inhibition C. negative feedback D. both end-product inhibition and negative feedback are correct |
D. both end-product inhibition and negative feedback are correct
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The flow of energy in living systems is termed
A. entropy B. enthalpy C. bioenergetics D. bioluminescence |
C. bioenergetics
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The final electron acceptor in aerobic cell respiration is
A. water B. oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. ATP |
B. oxygen
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Anabolic reactions do NOT
A. utilize energy B. synthesize molecules within cells C. store energy D. release energy |
D. release energy
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Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______ molecules
A. glycogen B. lactic acid C. acetyl CoA D. pyruvic acid |
D. pyruvic acid
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______ cells normally produce ATP exclusively by anaerobic respiration metabolism
A. red blood B. white blood C. skin D. nerve |
A. red blood
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The ATP generated in the Krebs cycle
A. is produced directly from the 5th reaction B. is produced from the reduction of NAD C. comes from GTP D. comes from oxidative phosphorylation |
C. comes from GTP
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The electron transport system is a series of _____ reactions
A. composition-decomposition B. dehydration synthesis-hydrolysis C. oxidation-reduction D. reversible |
C. oxidation-reduction
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ATP formation in the electron transport system is called
A. substrate level phosphorylation B. oxidative phosphorylation C. direct phosphorylation D. both substrate level phosphorylation and direct phosphorylation are correct |
B. oxidative phosphorylation
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Glycolysis would be inhibited by
A. a lack of oxygen B. an excess of ATP C. an excess of ADP D. none of the choices is correct |
D. none of the choices are correct
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The process of fat formation from acetyl CoA is called
A. lipogenesis B. lipolysis C. beta-oxidation D. deamination |
A. lipogenesis
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The primary site of ketone body synthesis is
A. the lung B. the kidney C. the liver D. adipose tissue |
C. the liver
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Fatty acids are NOT an energy source for
A. the brain B. resting skeletal muscle C. the liver D. the heart |
A. the brain
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The majority of water within the body is found in the
A. intracellular compartment B. extracellular compartment C. blood plasma D. interstitial fluid |
A. intracellular compartment
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Proteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix are
A. lysosomal proteins B. metallo proteins C. receptor proteins D. integrin proteins |
D. integrin proteins
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Passive transport of water is known as
A. filtration B. osmosis C. facilitated diffusion D. a water pump |
B. osmosis
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Which of the following is able to passively penetrate the plasma membrane?
A. O2 B. small charge particles C. large polar molecules D. All of these choices are correct |
A. O2
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Which of the following cells do NOT normally have many aquaporins in their plasma membranes?
A. kidneys B. lungs C. salivary glands D. skin |
D. skin
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Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will
A. decrease in volume B. increase intracellular solute concentration C. increase in volume D. lose water to the solution |
C. increase in volume
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Which of the following is NOT true of a person who is dehydrated?
A. plasma osmolality increases B. hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH C. ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water D. increased osmolality causes thirst |
C. ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water
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The transport maximum is related to the property known as
A. competition B. saturation C. specificity D. inhibition |
B. saturation
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Which of the following is NOT true of hypoglycemia?
A. it can result in death B. it may be due to diabetes C. it is characterized by high plasma glucose levels D. both it can result in death and it may be due to diabetes are correct |
C. it is characterized by high plasma glucose levels
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A 0.5M glucose (molecular weight = 180g) contains _____ grams of glucose per liter
A. 90 B. 180 C. 6.02 x 10(23) D. 360 |
A. 90
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Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?
A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent |
C. multipolar
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Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged?
A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells |
D. schwann cells
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Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid
A. alanine B. glycine C. tryptophan D. serine |
C. tryptophan
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The _____ dopamine system may be involved in emotional reward and drug addiction
A. nigrostriatal B. mesolimbic C. amygdala D. dentate |
B. mesolimbic
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Which poison inhibits glycine receptors?
A. strychnine B. curare C. tetrodotoxin D. all of the choices are correct |
A. strychnine
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The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is
A. glycine B. acetylcholine C. serotonin D. GABA |
D. GABA
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Spatial summation
A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials |
B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
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Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called
A. long-term potentiation B. synaptic plasticity C. excitotoxicity D. summation |
A. long-term potentiation
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Destruction of the embryonic _____ will prevent formation of the nervous system
A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm D. mesoglia |
A. ectoderm
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What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
A. corpus callosum B. central sulcus C. lateral sulcus D. longitudinal fissure |
B. central sulcus
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Brain metabolism may be best studied by
A. electroencephalography B. computed tomography C. magnetic resonance imaging D. positron-emission tomography |
D. positron-emission tomography
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An example of working memory would be
A. recognizing a threatening picture B. remembering the last hockey game you attended C. looking up an address and addressing an envelope D. playing a song on the piano you learned as a child |
C. looking up an address and addressing an envelope
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Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary are produced in the
A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. pineal gland D. cerebral nuclei |
A. hypothalamus
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Which of the following is NOT a vital function of the medulla oblongota?
A. vasomotor control B. cardiac control C. thirst control D. respiratory control |
C. thirst control
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A raised area on the cerebral cortex is a
A. sulcus B. fissure C. gyrus D. mirror neuron |
C. gyrus
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A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced _______ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be imparied
A. vasoconstriction B. vasodilation |
B. vasodilation
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Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate
A. smooth muscle B. skeletal muscle C. cardiac muscle D. glands |
B. skeletal muscle
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Somatic motor reflexes involve
A. the autonomic nervous sytem B. contraction of smooth muscle C. contraction of skeletal muscle D. the autonomic ganglia |
C. contraction of skeletal muscle
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The ________ are branches made from the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that go from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain
A. dorsal rami B. ventral rami C. white rami communicantes D. gray rami communicantes |
C. white rami communicantes
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The parasympathetic divison of the autonomic nervous system
A. has long postganglionic neurons B. has single neuron arising from the spinal corrd C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors |
D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors
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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
A. utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter B. has a relatively short preganglionic neuron C. utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter D. includes the adrenal medulla |
C. utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter
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_________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves
A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. norepinephrine D. dopamine |
C. norepinephrine
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"Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter
A. from the axon terminal B. only when receptors pass over the axon C. along the length of the axon D. from the soma |
C. along the length of the axon
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Which of the following organs is dually innervated?
A. adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. urinary bladder D. most blood vessels |
C. urinary bladder
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The _____ can control autonomic function such that under some emotional states, autonomically controlled visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc., can occur
A. reticular activating system B. medulla oblongota C. limbic system D. cerebrum |
C. limbic system
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