Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Microbiome |
Microorganisms that live on or inside the body |
Drugs are given to influence this. Additional bacteria is transferred from healthy patients to unhealthy ones. |
|
|
The organization of the body |
Atom Molecules Cells Tissue Organ Organ systems Organisms |
I AM C TO OsO |
|
|
Body of water % in the body |
60 % |
|
|
|
3 types of body fluid. Describe each |
Interstitial , surrounds cells and doesn’t circulate Plasma , water portion of the body that circulates in the blood vessel Transcellular , cerebral spinal fluid and lymph fluid that both circulate |
Inner play traincell |
|
|
4 types of Tissues in the body |
Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscle |
Tissues are for C MEN |
|
|
characteristics for epithelial tissues |
Lines the body cavity and Forms glands Can be Covered with mucous and Produce secretions Helps Transport and is Avascular ( no blood cells) Made mostly of cells which most go under regular mitosis |
My skin is sweaty and epithelial |
|
|
Connective tissue characteristics |
(Blood: ) Made by cells and extra cellular matrix Enclosed and separate tissues Transport (Bone, cartilage, immune system) Support and framework Protection (Fat) Storage and insulation |
We are to connective, we are (BBF)s |
|
|
6 types of Connective Tissue |
Adipose Blood Bone Cartilage Loose CT Fibrous CT |
FLABBC connective tissues |
|
|
Two types of fluid and percentage And body weight percentage Proportions |
Intracellular 40% 2/3 Extracellular 20% 1/3 |
More fluid in the cell |
|
|
Connective tissue is made up of |
Cells and matrix Matrix has protein fibers and ground substance |
Need these to build a bone |
|
|
Ground substance in connective tissue |
Hydroxyapatite made up of calcium and phosphorus |
Ca P |
|
|
Protein fibers in connective tissue |
Collagen and elastin |
|
|
|
Definediffusion |
the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration due to randomized molecule motion |
|
|
|
namethree factors that may influence the rate of diffusion |
factors can be temperature, size, surface area and concentration gradient |
|
|
|
Describethree characteristics of carrier mediated transport and what is its function |
competition, specificity, concentration it is a form of active transport that moves ions and large polar molecules across the membrane |
|
|
|
Namethe major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations |
intracellular is potassium K cations and protien anions extracellular is sodium Na cations and chloride anions |
|
|
|
Whatis the action of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump? What important roledoes it play in the membrane potential |
the pump moves 2 potassium in and three sodium out role is that it creates a concentration gradient electrical gradient |
|
|
|
State the action ofthe enzyme adenyl cyclase. |
the production of cAMP from ATP |
|
|
|
Identifythe way in which gated membrane channels are controlled |
can be chemically , voltage, mechanically, phosphorylation gated |
|
|
|
.Predict the effect of reducing extracellular K+ concentration on theresting membrane potential. |
more potassium will flow outside the cell making the cell become more negative. the cell voltage differential can be more hyperpolarized |
|
|
|
Distinguishbetween osteoblasts osteoclasts and osteocytes. |
all these are bone cells osteoblasts primary function is to build bone Osteoclasts function is to break down bone these two make up the BMU the osteocytes are dormat bone cells |
|
|
|
Assumea cell is placed in a beaker of fluid that is hypotonic to the intracellularfluid. On a graph plot the change in cell volume over time. |
the water in the beaker will move into the cell and the cell volume will expand to balance the concentration ratio. it is possible for the cell to be lysed. |
|
|
|
Assume a cell is placed in a beaker of fluid that is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. On a graph plot the change in cell volume over time. |
the water inside the cell will move into the solution around the cell. this can cause the cell to shrivel and crenation occurs. cell volume decreases to a certain point |
|
|
|
Assume a cell is placed in a beaker of fluid that is isotonic to the intracellular fluid. On a graph plot the change in cell volume over time. |
the cell volume will stay the same because there is no difference in the concentration of the fluid in the cell and out of the cell |
|
|
|
Differentiatebetween plasma, transcellullar and interstitial fluid |
these are all the fluids of the body. Plasma is the water portion of the body that circulates in the blood vessel Transcellular fluid is the fluid in the spinal cord and cerbral fluid (CNS) that circulates Interstitual fluid, is the fluid found around the cells that does not circulate |
|
|
|
Name3 characteristics of epithelial cells |
lines the body cavity and forms glands manages body temperature produces mucous is avascular and is made mostly of cells |
think basic skin cells |
|
|
Name3 functions of skin |
barrier/ protection temperature regulation pigment and protection resynthesizes vitamin D sensory receptors |
think values of skin |
|
|
Differentiate between action potentials andgraded potentials |
both are caused by changes in the voltage diffrential in the cell gated potential can be depolarized or hyperpolarized while action potentials are anly depolarized graded potentials are conducted decrementally but action potentials are not but do have a refractory period where the gates/ channels are unresponsive graded potentials are dependent on the opening of chemically gated ion channels while action potentials are dependent on the opening of voltage gated action potential |
|
|
|
What is the status of a voltage gated sodiumchannel during the absolute refractory period versus during the relativerefractory period |
during the absolute refractory period, another action potential can not be generated but in the relative refractory period it is possible to generate another action potential. in the absolute period the sodium channels are either open or closed and unresponsive while in the relative the sodium channel is closed and responsive |
|
|
|
In what part of a neuron is there apredominance of chemically gated ion channels? |
in the dendrite area right before the axon hilloc |
|
|
|
In what part of a neuron is there apredominance of voltage gated ion channels? |
in the axon and terminal buttons, anywhere below the axon hilloc |
|
|
|
Identify types of neuroglia and describe afunction of each. |
in the CNS 1. actrocytes- surround blood vesels in capillaries ( star shapes) oligodentrytes microglia ependymal In the PNS schwann and satellites |
Astrology, micro oligiodenology ependymalogy study satellites, and swans |
|
|
types of neurons and indicate where each may befound |
unipolar- are all afferent neurons multipolar- all efferent neurons that are more common bipolar -found in special organs |
|
|
|
Distinguish between action potentialpropagation in an unmyelinated neuron and a myelinated neuron. |
saltitory conduction happens as the action potential travels alon a mylenated axon from areas of unmylennated portions called nodes of ranvier |
|
|
|
Name all the ions channels that are open duringthe after potential |
potassium and sodium is closed but responsive |
|
|
|
Name all the ions channels that are open duringthe depolarization |
soduim |
|
|
|
Name all the ions channels that are open duringthe repolarization |
pottassium |
|
|
|
Describe the eventsthat take place when an action potential reaches the terminal button at achemical synapse. |
voltage open calcuim channels calcium rushes into the cell and tags the synaptotagmins on the NT vessicles. the vessicle protiens syaptotagmins and synaptobrevin attach to synataxin and snaps respectively . neurotransmitters are released out of the presynaptic cell |
|
|
|
Identify the means by which norepinephrine isremoved from the synapse. |
reuptake |
|
|
|
Assume a synapse is cholinergic and generatesIPSPs. If acetylcholinesterase was inhibited how would that affect the activityof the post-synaptic neuron. |
decrease in inhibitions less Cl inters into the post synaptic neuron |
|
|
|
name the opiod peptides and their corresponding receptors |
enkephins to delta endorphins to mu dymorphins to kappa |
kappa dymonds mure endorphins delta enkephants |
|
|
what are the characteristics of the Gluterminergic Synapse; Neurotransmitter, role, receptors |
NT Glutamate dominant excititory NT in the CNS receptors are AMPA-Kianate and NDMA |
|
|
|
what are the characteristics of the Gabaminergic Synapse; Neurotransmitter, role, receptors |
NT is GABA dominant inhibitory synapse in the CNS receptors are Gaba channel receptors |
|
|
|
what is Acetylcholinesterase |
removes neurotransmitters from the synapse |
|
|
|
What is osmosis |
the movements of water from an area of low concentration to high concentration |
|
|
|
types of carrier mediated transport |
active transport and facilitated diffusion |
|
|
|
State the action of the enzyme guanyl cyclase. |
the production of cyclic GMP from GTP |
|
|
|
What is crenation |
what occurs to a cell that is in a hypertonic solution and shrivels up |
|
|
|
Name the two types of membrane proteins |
Peripheral and integral proteins |
|
|
|
Name the type of membrane junction that prevent paracellular transport |
Tight junction |
|
|
|
Name the three types of membrane junction molecules Describe each |
Gap junctions- pats and transcellular interactions can happen because cell membranes are connected , desmosomes- hold cells atsites of stretching both para and transcellular transport, tight junctions - only transcellular transport |
|
|
|
What happens to the diffusion when you increase the concentration gradient |
The rate of diffusion increases |
|
|
|
Three types of carriers proteins |
Uniport symport antiport |
|
|
|
Define endocytosis and 3 the types |
Phagocytosis Pincytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
|
Second messengers |
Cyclic amp and gmp |
|
|
|
Functions of the skeletal system |
Support Storage Movement Protection Blood cell formation |
|
|
|
Organization of collagen fibers |
Lamellar sheets and woven fibers |
|
|
|
Matrix types |
Compact bone and spongy bone |
|
|
|
Epidemic cells |
Melanocytes Keratinocytes Langerhan Merkel |
MmLK |
|
|
Burn damage |
Rule of nines |
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters Removal mechanisms |
Enzymes degradation MAO and COMT Reuptake : neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic cell |
|
|
|
Describe the neuropinephrine andrenergic synapse Receptors Role Examples of NTs |
Adrenaline Receptors are Alpha and Beta Can be EsPs and ISPS excitatory in organs like the heart and inhibitory like in the digestive system Enzymes break it down MAO and COMT |
|
|
|
What are the catecholamines |
Dopamine -norepinephrine - epinephrine |
|
|
|
Describe cholonergic synapse |
NT is acetylcholine (ACH) receptors are Muscarnic and Nicotinic Removal is acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
|
What is down regulation and up regulation e |
Regulation is the change in receptors on the membrane. Down regulation is the decrease in receptors and up regulation is the increase in receptors |
|
|
|
Cells that can change their resting state |
Excitable cells using sodium potassium pump, leaky channels , and gated ion channels |
|
|
|
Describe serotonin |
Works with many psychoactive drugs Plays a role in sleep Uses the reuptake method SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
|
|
Dopaminergic synapse |
NT is dopamine Receptors are D1,D2, ..... Removal is MAO and COMT |
Adrenergic |
|
|
Tripartite synapse involve which cells |
Presynaptic neuron Post synaptic neuron Astrocyte |
|
|
|
What does an astrocyte do in the cell |
Removes neurotransmitters and regulates ion concentration |
|
|
|
Parts of the central nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord |
|
|
|
Part of the peripheral nervous system |
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
|
|
|
What is the somatic nervous system |
Relays signals to the skeletal system |
Things we need to move |
|
|
What is the automatic nervous system |
Relays information to the glands smooth muscle and cardiac muscles (organs ) |
|
|
|
Synapse |
Special junction between the neuron and neuron or gland or muscle. |
|
|
|
What does the first action potential create |
The first action potential creates a current sink. |
|
