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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary reptile that has had increasing importation
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-iguana
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Pathogenic bacteria in reptiles
-general effects |
-abscesses
-pneumonia -dermatitis -stomatitis |
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Gram (+) bacteria
-pathogenic bacteria |
-Coagulase (+) staphylococci
-Beta-hemolytic streptococci -All gram (+) are potentially pathogenic but most are not |
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Gram (+) bacteria
-treatment based on |
-culture results
-when there is not response to therapy for Gram (-) -when infection is present but no Gram (-) are cultured |
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Most bacterial pathogens in reptiles
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-Gram (-)
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Major Gram (-) bacteria
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-Salmonella sp.
-Pseudomonas sp. -Serratia sp. -Providencia sp. -Klebsiella sp. -Aeromonas sp. |
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Salmonella sp.
-major infective group |
-Salmonella arizona
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Pseudomonas sp.
-major opportunistic sp. -found where |
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-oral cavity -intestinal tract |
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Reptiles become predisposed to Pseudomonas sp. via:
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-subopptimal environmental conditions
-malnutrition |
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Aeromonas sp.
-associated with |
-pneumonia
-lesions of the oral cavity -cutaneous lesions -septicemia |
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Gram (-) bacteria of reptile infection can normally be found where?
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-reptile (normal flora)
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Pseudomoans sp.
-vector |
-Ophionyssus sp.
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Approximately 50% of bacteria cultured from ill reptiles are:
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-anaerobes
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Anaerobic bacteria that may cause infection in reptiles
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-bacteroides *
-Clostridium -Fusobacterium |
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Anaerobic bacteria
-antibiotic therapy depends on |
-culture
-sensitivity |
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Anaerobic bacteria
-main treatment |
-Metronidazole
|
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Major organisms isolated from abscesses and granulomas in reptiles
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-Gram (-)
*occasional Gram (+) and mycobacteria |
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Reptile abscess
-consists of |
soft center surrounded by rings of:
-inspissated pus -necrotic cellular debris |
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Abscesses
-may arise where |
-subcutaneous tissue
-body cavities -embedded in parenchymatous organs |
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Abscesses and granulomas
-entry via |
-direct transmission (bites, wounds, vectors)
-hematogenous |
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Abscesses and granulomas
-clinical signs |
-sub-epidermal hemorrhage
-swelling -etc. |
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Abscess
-treatment |
-surgical excision or incision and drainage
--irrigation of cavity ---pack with topical wound dressing ----parental antibiotic (value but not indicated unless systemic disease present) |
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Reptile topical wounds dressings
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-siilver sulfadiazine
-povidone ointment |
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Ulcerative Stomatitis
-aka |
-Infectious stomatitis
-Mouth rot |
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Infectious stomatitis
-etiology |
Gram (-) bacteria:
-Aeromonas sp. -Pseudomonas sp. -others (Proteus, Citrobacter, Providencia, Staph, Strep) |
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-common in what animals |
-snakes
less common in lizards and chelonians |
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-characterized by |
-ulceration and caseous exudate in the oral cavity
-involvement of the bones of the jaw and teeth sockets -possible progression to septicemia -anorexia and emaciation -possible subspectacle swelling or abscess -increased salivation -reluctance to feed -inflammation of the oral and pharyngeal membranes |
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-usually due to |
-suboptimal management
*can occur in wild |
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-predisposing factors |
-mouth injury (live prey)
-wire screen -striking glass -suboptimal temp -stress |
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-treatment |
-combination of topical and parenteral therapy
-thoroughly cleanse and debride oral cavity with dilute chlorhexidine or providone iiodine --topical dressing of silver sulfadiazine ---parenteral antibiotics ----supportive therapy when the animal is unable to eat or drink (administer fluids, supplement Vit B-complex and C, maintain upper POTZ) |
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Parenteral antibiotics
-chosen how |
-results of pre-treatment culture and sensitivities
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Ulcerative stomatitis
-prevention |
-good managemetn and environmental conditions
-avoid live prey |
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Blister disease
-aka |
-Necrotizing stomatitis
-scale rot |
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Necrotizing stomatitis
-common animals affected |
-snakes and lizards housed in moist, unsanitary conditions favoring the growth of Gram (-)
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Blister disease
-pathogenesis |
-epidermal vesicles ar fluid filled
--caseous necrosis, ulceration, abscesses, septicemia |
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Blister disease
-treatment |
-parenteral antibiotic therapy
-topical cleansing -supportive care (forced feeding, fluids, etc.) -improved husbandry (newspaper) |
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Respiratory infections
-common in what animals |
-chelonians
-snakes |
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Respiratory infection
-why common in reptiles |
-simple respiratory system
-lack of a functional diaphragm -can't expel secretions and exudates via coughing |
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Respiratory infections
-predisposed by |
-poor sanitation
-malnutrition -improper environmental temperature and humidity |
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Respiratory infections
-signs |
-anorexia
-lethargy -open-mouth breathing -dyspnea -occasional mucopurulent nasal discharge -buoyancy problems in turtles (typically unilateral) |
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Respiratory infection
-diagnosis |
-signs
-radiography -hematology -culture and sensitivities of trachea (tracheal wash) |
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Respiratory infection
-treatment |
-parenteral antibiotic administration
-general supportive care May be helpful: -nebulization therapy -diuretics -bronchodilators -mucolytic agents |
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Upper Respiratory Tract disease of Desert Tortoise
-clinical signs |
-rhinitis with clear purulent nasal discharge
-palpebral edema -dehydration -cachexia -high mortality rate |
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Upper Respiratory Tract disease of Desert Tortoise
-etiological agent |
-Mycoplasma agassizii
-Pasteurella testudinis (secondary) |
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Upper Respiratory Tract disease of Desert Tortoise
-diagnosis |
-ELISA for detection of M. egassizii antibodies
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Middle ear infection of chelonians
-species affected |
-eastern box turtles
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Middle ear infection of chelonians
-signs |
-bulging of tympanic scale overlying the middle ear
-caseous -occasional osteomyelitis |
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Middle ear infections of chelonians
-etiology |
-Citrobacter
-Enterobacter -Pseudomonas -etc. |
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Middle ear infection of chelonians
-treatment |
-surgical removal of caseated material
-flushing area with dilute organic iodine solution -antibiotic therapy if severe |
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Mycobacterium infection
-pathology |
-caseous necrosis and formation of granuloma that contains acid-fast cellular debris
|
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Salmonellosis
-most common serotype |
-Salmonella arizona
|
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Salmonellosis
-signs |
Generally asymptomatic
-anorexia -lethargy -diarrhea |
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Salmonellosis
-lesions |
-enteritis
-septicemia -abscesses -osteomyelitis (spinal in snakes) -granulomas -hepatitis -nephritis -pneumonia |
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Salmonellosis
-transmission |
-fecal-oral
-occasionally via egg contamination |
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Salmonellosis
-predisposed by |
-overcrowding
-stress -poor hygiene |
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Salmonellosis
-diagnosis |
Difficult to culture
-intermittent shedders -need proper media (SS media) -False negative are common -Recheck all (-) animals 2-3x with 2 wk waiting period between tests |
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Salmonellosis
-potential carriers |
-All reptiles should be considered as potential cariers
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Reason for increase in Salmonellosis
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-increase in iguana popularity
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Salmonellosis
-people at high risk |
-infants
-children -immunocompromised |
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Salmonella
-treatment with antibiotics |
-leads to resistance often
|
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Salmonella
-recommendations to reduce transmission to man |
-education
-persons at risk should avoid contact -don't keep in child day care centers -reptile owners must practice good personal hygiene (wash hands, keep out of kitchen -preventative medicine (quarantine, avoid overcrowding, decrease stress, hygiene, necropsy, etc) |
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Salmonella
-treatment |
-generally euthanize clinically infected animals
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Inclusion body disease
-animals affected |
Boids
-Boas (boa constrictors) -Pythons (burmese pythons) -uncommon in ball pythons and rosy boas |
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Inclusion body disease
-etiology |
-retrovirus
|
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Inclusion body disease
-transmission |
-route of natural transmission unknown
-vector ---> Ophionyssus (snake mite) -body fluids? feces? aerosol? PO? -vertical transmission |
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Inclusioin body disease
-signs in boas |
-Poor doers: anorexia, listlessness, dec. weight
-Regurgitation 1 wk post-prandially -Rare neurologic sings: dull mentation, subtle head tremors, dec. tongue flicking) |
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Inclusion body disease
-signs in pythons |
-more rapid course
-anorexia -dec. weight -occasional respiratory component -neurologic signs: dull mentation, listless, slow righting reflex, head tremor, disorientation flaccid paralysis |
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Inclusion body disease
-antemortem diagnosis |
-history and clinical signs
-CBC (leukocytosis occasional) -blood smear (inclusions within WBCs) -biopsy of esophageal tonsil, gastric mucosa, liver, kidney, commonly other tissues |
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Inclusion Body Disease
-definitive diagnosis |
-histopath or EM --> eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in epithelial tissue
|
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Inclusion body disease
-common tissue for intracytoplasmic inclusions (boas, pythons) |
Boas
-pancreas -kidney -liver -brain Python -brain |
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Inclusion body disease
-recommendations for boid collections with IBD |
-strict quarantine (3-6 mo)
-euthanize positive snakes -separate snakes with clinical signs -disinfect housing -increase husbandry -don't ship snakes around -individual testing |
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Inclusion body Disease
-treatment |
-none
-supportive care -euthanasia recommended |
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Inclusion body disease
-prevention |
-strict hygiene (control mites)
-strict quarantine |