• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/49

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Issue
What we are arguing about
conclusion
claim or position
critical thinker
develops and exhibit personal traits
What are some indicator words for conclusion?
Claim
Position
Viewpoints
Opinions
Stands
Cite three ways to discover the reasons used to support a conclusion?
1. TRy to define the issue and put the issue in question form.
2. Watch for indicator words.
3. Ask yourself what position the writer or speaker is taking on in the issue.
The question that is being addressed is called the____
Issue
You will spend most of your time and energy as a critical thinker and responsible speaker looking at the quality of the ______ used to support a conclusion.
Reason
Since the reasons answer the question "Why do you believe what you believe?" a good trick in isolating the reasons to write the conclusion and then add the word ___"
Because
When we say yes or no to the issues presented, we are stating our ____
opinions
An argument consists of
issues, conclusion, reasons
T/F
Reasons, often called premises, provide support for conclusions; reasons are acceptable or unacceptable on the basis of their relevance and quality
TRUE
Assumptions
Ideas we take for granted as they are often left out of a written or spoken argument
Value assumptions
beliefs abut how the world should be
Reality Assumptions
beliefs about how the world is
Reasons
direct statements that provide evidence to support a claim
Warrants
those unstated but necessary links between reasons and claims
backing
evidence used to support a warrent
values
ideals, standards and principles you believe are important consider worthy
Value conflicts
disagreements about the most important value to be considered an issue
Libertarianism
the highest value is to promote individual liberty
Utilitarianism
the highest value is that which promots the greatest general happiness and minimized unhappiness
Egalitarianism
the highest value is equality, which means justice and opportunities distributed equally
Religious values
the highest values are based on faith and spiritual truth, such as loving God and one's neighbor
Prima Facie Values
universal ethical principles, such as honesty and respect for others, exist and are considered to be self-evident and obvious to rational individuals of every culture
The Role Exchange Test
to empathize with the people who will be affected by the action you take
The Universal consequence test
imagine what would happen if everyone in a situation similar to yours took this action
The New CAses test
Asks you to consider whether your action is consisent with other actions that are in the same category.
The higher principles test
asks you to determine if the principle on which you are basing your action is consistend with a higher or more general principle you accept.
T/F

conflicts between value assumptions need to be addressed before fruitful discussions over value saturated conclusions can take place
true
T/F

ethics are evident in our behavior as we advocate for ideas and make decisions
TRUE
TF
ethical decsion making is undermined when common rationalizations are used to support unethical practices
TRUE
T/F

Ideal values are held by an individusl in a theoretical sense;real values are held theoretically and also practiced
TRUE
deductive argument
formal patterns are used to reveal the logic of our reasoining
Valid
when the correct deductive form is followed
Sound
when the form is valid and the content is true
syllogism
a deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premises
major premise
categorical statement
minor premise
expresses an instance of the principle set out in the major premise
categorical statement
a statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class
conditional or hypothetical syllogism
contains at least one hypothetical premise
modus ponens
"the way of affirmation" or affirming the antecedent

If A, then B (major premise; we are stating that the antecdent leads to the consequent)
A(minor premise; we are asserting that the antecedent is true)
Therefore, B (conclusion; if the antecedent is true, the consequent is also true)
modus tollens
denying the consequences

IF A, Then B
Not B.
Therefore not A
Chain argument
a third form of the conditional argument

If A, Then B
if B, then C
Therefore if A, then C
Disjunctive syllogism
another common pattern of deduction is found

Either A or B
Not B
Threfore A
argument by elimination
seeks to logically rule out various possibility remains

VERY SIMILAR TO DISJUNTIVE SYLLOGISM

Either A B or C
not B or C
Therefore A
enthymeme
a syllogism with a premise implied rather than directly stated
grounds
the claims and reasons of each person need evidence
stereotyping
a form of classifying people, places or things according to common traits
premise of contention
questionable premises