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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Tao |
The way, the truth, the unnameable phenomenon in the universe. Beginning of all things and how non-being comes into being |
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Lao Tzu |
Developed Taoist school |
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Yin/Yang |
Yin=Darkness,negative, weak Yang= Light,positive, passive |
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5 Agents (Chinese philosophy) |
Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth
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Chinese philosophy. Reality is constructed by ____, ____, and _______ |
Ying, Yang and 5 Agents |
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Feng Shui |
We are products of the universe, our homes must be arranged to harmonize with natural forces of wind and water |
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Mencius |
Believed in innate goodness in human. No need for reward/punishment. |
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Li |
Principle of laws embedded in all even before it exists. |
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All Li is brought together by ______ |
T'ai Chi |
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Jen |
Human-heartedness or loving others |
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Chung and Shu |
Golden rule and its opposite (make up Jen) |
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Yi |
Righteousness,what we ought to do |
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Li (Alternate meaning) |
Profit or external pressure |
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Signal of Righteousness |
Shame and Dislike |
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Signal of Human-Heartedness |
Commiseration |
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Signal of Propriety |
Modesty and Yielding |
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Signal of Wisdom |
Ability to tell right from wrong |
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(Chinese philosophy) Distinguish humans from animals
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Righteousness, Humanheartedness, Propriety and Wisdom |
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3 Chinese beliefs on human innate morality |
Humans are inherently Neither good nor evil Both good and evil Some good and some bad |
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"All we can try to do is what we ought to do, without worrying much about whether we succeed or fail" |
quote by Confucius |
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Progressed from knowledge to proper behavior to having no doubts (Wisdom) to knowing super-moral values and finally following desires while following the right Path |
Confucius |
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Doctrine of the mean |
Moderation, centrality, harmony, in all human actions |
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Leads our mind to equilibrium (Chinese philosophy) |
Centrality |
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The state of the mind before feelings (Chinese philosophy) |
Equilibrium |
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“The ruler is said to be the most virtuous and loving to all mankind, a follower of the Tao, who practices enlightenment. He possesses the truth, and is free of prejudice, acting intelligently and purposefully rather than blindly.” |
– Lao Tzu |
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opponent of Confucius, accused him of being too traditional. Must obey god and lead life of love and respect. Agreed with Confucius on Jen and Yi. Against predetermined fate. Began self-defense military school. |
Mo Tzu |
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Social Control and Naturalism. We are just as important as heaven and earth. Humans dictate culture |
Hsun Tzu |
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Explore self through self-awareness Karma The ultimate self can never be knownSelf awareness allows us to know ourselves as a subject and not as an object of others’ knowledge. Atman (internal reality) Brahman (external reality) are one and infinite |
The Upanisads |
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sees world through math and musical harmony |
Pythagoras |
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“You’re ignorant of being ignorant!” |
Socrates |
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man is the measure of all things. |
Relativism |
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No absolute truth |
Protagoras |
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a force that forever keeps the universe changing that is part of our soul but is against the idea of constant change |
One reality- |
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believed that the perception of change is an illusion of our senses so there is no plurality. Only one reality and everything would bear the characteristics of that. |
Zeno’s Paradox |
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First cause? Must be one… God. Final cause? Soul which gives the body purpose and makes it what it is. |
Aristotle |
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programmed by God to act |
Leibniz |
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ideas cannot exist without God giving them to us. When we attempt to understand the soul or mind we are really attempting to understand God |
Berkeley
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still need to use reason despite divine illumination |
Baruch Spinoza- |
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we can always choose to do something different from what we have chosen. We are thus responsible for our own lives. |
Leibniz, Hypothetical necessity- |
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Founder of Associanitism |
David Hartley |
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Thought brain and spinal cord nerves contained particles that vibrate. Thought brain was not just a cooling device and believed the soul and mind resided there and not in the heart as was previously believed. |
David Hartley |
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we are making associations constantly. |
Stream of consciousness: |
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Rules for how ideas are associated with one another: |
Contiguity: Paired over time Similarity: Similar functions |
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Brick Wall guy- mental mechanicsMind is machine. Experience leads to ideas.Association binds ideas |
James MIll |
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(Son)Coalescence guy along with Hartley.Mental Chemistry- ideas are entirely novel.Gestalt- holism- coalescence. |
John Stuart Mill |
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Aim- determine the relationship between a physical quantity and the psychological sensation of that quantity (Weight vs Heaviness) |
Psychophysics |
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Ernst Weber Thresholds |
Absolute: Presence vs absence Difference threshold: JND |
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"Sensations do not correspond to the world one-to one. The world is not exactly how we see it." |
Ernst Weber |
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"Brain size must equal mental function." |
- Franz Gall |
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the science of reading bumps on the skull- the first personality test! |
Phrenology |
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Appearance reflects character and intelligence. |
Physiognomy |
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Sheldon's Body types |
Mesomorphic- energetic and courageous Endomorphic- Relaxed, gregarious, foodies. Ectomorphic- fearful, introverted, restrained, intellectual |
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Knowing the location of a part of the brain does not inform you of the content details. Shows which parts of the brain are active but not with the detail often supplied by psychological explanations of the mind. |
The Problem with EEG’s,fMRI’s |
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Associationists- There are aspects of the mind can be analyzed and described. Psychophysics- Sensations can be measured. Sensory Psychophysiology- Physiological basis to the mind and the mind can be studied using an experimental method. |
Precursors to a Science of Psychology |
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independent of prior knowledge or interpretation |
Immediate Experience- |
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the reaction mediated by knowledge and understanding |
Mediate Experience- |
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Higher mental processes could not be studied experimentally but could be explored through folk psychology |
Wundt |
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focusing on the experience of sensation itself, not any interpretation of that sensation. Don’t report mediate experiences, only mediate ones. Training needed. |
Internal Perception- |
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No clear demarcation between participant and experimenter. Observer cannot be taken by surprise. Strained Attention- Report stimulus not memory |
Internal Perception |
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Analyze contents of consciousness Discover how basic elements are connected Determine the laws that underlie the connections between elements |
Wundt’s Goals for Psychology |
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Sensastions and Feelings |
Wudnt's elements of Consciousness |
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Feelings: |
Pleasurable-Unpleasurable Exciting-Depressing Relaxation-Strain |
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Attention and intention, learning new info on basis of old |
Apperception |
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immediate experience reflects an active process of intention
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Voluntarism |
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1st psychological clinic |
Witmer |
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All experience is mediate Higher consciousness can be studiedIncluded images in consciousness Psychology established as an experiential science of consciousness Evidence based researchBasic research to understand the mind |
Edward Titchener |
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Reality is composed of innumerable microscopic and indivisible bodies in continuous motion in infinite space.
There are many worlds like ours. World is made up of objective primary qualities: size, shape, and motion. Our minds collect layers of atoms from the external world through our senses and into our breast. Senses are not real but form the basis of the mind-body relationship. |
Atomist |
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Humans are like engines and action can be explained by the body’s behavior and the causes operating on it. |
Hobbes |
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All matter is in motion.Body and soul are one. |
Hobbes |
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Motion ->Senses-> Brain -> pressure Thought is the movement of substances in our heads. Thoughts last until motion is degraded by new motions. |
Hobbes |
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Dreams are incoherent because they don’t react to any sense organ and only reflect the past. Just internal motion |
Hobbes |
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Thought directed by desire or emotion like fear. |
Guided thought |
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thoughts like dreams |
unguided thought |
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Dreams and bodily states are connected: |
Hobbes |
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Imagination is decaying sense
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Hobbes |
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Pineal Gland- principle seat of the soul |
Rene Descartes |
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an evil demon can deceive us into believing falsely that certain things exist when they don’t. |
Evil Demon Hypothesis |
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we may actually be dreaming right now! Don’t trust your senses. |
Dream Hypothesis |
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I think; therefore I am |
Cognito Ergo Sum |
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animal spirits- |
neural transmission today. |
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Humans have reflexes like animals or machines but also have a spirit, which animals do not |
Descartes animal vs Human difference |
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Mind and body interact but are separate. The mind is not material. |
Descartes |
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Aspects of mental processes which cannot be accomplished by physical processes: abstract ideas from scientific thoughts. |
Karl Popper |
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Karl popper's worlds |
World 1- physical objects World 2- the world of mental processes governed by rules or logic World 3- Abstract ideas exist |
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knowledge comes from experience! |
Empiricism, John Locke |
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Ideas are not innate. Morals are not innate but can be reasoned.
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John Locke |
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Interpretation changes the sensation and experience moves from immediate to mediate. |
John Locke |
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collecting facts and inferring a general law. Can never be proven |
Inductivism- |
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if a statement can be shown false through observation, it is scientific |
Falsification- |
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Psychology is only a science if |
hypotheses can be falsifiable through observation.
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Theories and hypotheses are never proven only _______ or ________ |
confirmed or dis confirmed. |
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Normal science proceeds within a _______ |
metatheoretical assumption (paradigm) |
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Theories are allowed to change within a paradigm but _____ and ____ are not |
methods and scope |
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viewed science as a means toward humanistic insight, not just basic research. Saw psychology as a bridge between philosophy, religion, and science |
William James |
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the meaningfulness of ideas in terms of rational usefulness to our lives |
Pragmatism |
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Founded pragmatism |
Charles Pierce |
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don’t reject a hypothesis if it aids our lives |
Rational usefulness- |
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developed to counter doubt and we hold beliefs for prediction. Goal-to determine truth
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Habits (William James) |
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Truth was about practicality. We make something true |
William James |
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Function of the mind can control behavior |
Functionalism |
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"consciousness like a flowing stream not made up of elements" |
William James |
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Stimulus is perceived, then causes a physiological reaction/behavior, and this then causes an emotional response Emotions don’t cause behavior. |
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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do what you know to be right intentionally, and you will eventually do what is right unintentionally |
William James |
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Created the first American Psychology lab in 1883 after studying with Wundt
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G Stanley Hall |
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he founded the APA in 1892 while James was out of town. |
G Stanley Hall |
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Coined the term functionalism to distinguish the approach from Titchener |
James Angell |
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Wanted to study the function of the mind agreeing with Darwin that the mind’s function is to control behavior |
James Angell |
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Psych. is the study of mental operations and not mental elements Mind is the mediator between the organism and the environment. Goal is to study unconscious and automatic processes in addition to conscious experience. Against introspection- wanted objective measures only. Used questionnaires and studied why over what! |
Rules of Functionalism |
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learning by doing interest in what was being learned |
Dewey |
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Hormic psychology |
Purpose driven psychology
William McDougall |
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Hedonistic Psychology |
Pleasure Driven Freud |
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Studied motivation and believed psychology should study purposive behavior that seeks goals for their own sake and not for the pleasure we receive from reaching them |
William McDougall |
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Instincts motivate behavior. No learned behavior. |
William McDougall |
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Not very good at establishing what it is. Difficult to found something on the rejection of something else. Can only be sure what it is not, not what psychology is. |
Problems with Functionalism |
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study behavior and its relationship to the environment |
Lewin |
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Invented eugenics while trying to study individual differences and inherited genius. |
Sir Francis Galton |
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Believed in a physiological basis for all abilities. |
Sir Francis Galton |
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selective breeding to improve the human race. Later popularized by Hitler. |
Eugenics- |
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believed in one factor of intelligence |
Spearman |
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16 factors of the personality |
Catell |
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2 or 3 factors of personality |
Eysenck |
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measured achievement motivation through projective tests |
McClelland |
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I/O Psychology- how to distinguish good from bad employees and how to sell soap to women with emotional sympathy
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Walter Scott- |
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Humans are not rational |
Walter Scott |
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Argued against the validity of eye witness testimony on the witness stand
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Munsterberg |
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I am |
Awesome |
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Satre believed |
weact passively to avoid choices. Self-deception is not the work of theunconscious but is conscious Welive inauthentically to avoid the displeasure and anxiety of reality |
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Bad Faith is |
topretend you have no free will and no choices, only determinism |
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Why do people use Bad Faith? |
Badfaith allows patients to deny own potential and perceive themselves asdefinite, already formed objects, which allows them to avoid facing nothingnessand mortality |
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What did Satre believe about the concept of the Unconscious? |
weuse the unconscious to justify our actions as if it is not us who is living |
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Existentialist view on free-will |
Existentialists believe we are not fixed,we have choices and create out own meaning out of nothingness. Don’t deceiveyourself into believing you are not free. |
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Daeseinsanalysis essentially boils down to what? |
Weare in the here and now! Maintainopenness and flexibility. Youcan choose to react differently!Increaseawareness of the world. Focuson the future and possibilities and not the past. Your potential |
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True or False Despitecriticisms of psychoanalysis, Freudian theory formed the foundation on which somany other theories are based |
True |
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Daseinanalysis is a branch of which psychology? |
Existential |
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What is Psychopathology rooted from in the perspective of Daseinsanalysis? |
A restriction of our potential to fulfill our possibilities People have a restricted or closed view of the world |
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True or False Daseinsanalysis have a basis in determinism |
False Daseinsanalysis believe patients can always have free choices |
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What are some differences between Daseinanalyst and Psychoanalyst? |
Daseinanalyst are not interested in explaining why patients experience X Daseinsanalysts do not analyze patients expereince in terms of intrapsychic parts (like the ego, id) Do not analyze patient experience in terms of defense mechanisms Daseinsanalyst reject notion of unconscious, believe patients just close certain aspects of their world consciously Reject the notion of transference Reject determinism Do not search for hidden meanings in Dream Analysis |
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Daseinsanalyst focus primarily on ______ and _____ in a patient's life |
openness and closeness |
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According to _____ _____, because Freudian theories are unfalsifiable, they are not good theory. |
Karl Popper |
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This individual believed patients in Psychoanalysis are essentially being persuaded by analyst, rather than cured, driven by suggestive power rather than Truth |
Adolf Grunbaum |
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True or False Grunbaum believed that because Psychoanalysts was tainted by suggestibility, it could never be studied empirically |
False, Grunbraum did believe it was often tainted by suggestibility, but in a non-clinical setting it could be tested |
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Believed Freud's attitude is "creative dogmatism" |
Wittgenstein |
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Believed psychoanalysis can only work on the condition that patients acknowledge the psychoanalysts description as the correct expression of their own disturbed state |
Wittgenstein |
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Wittgeinstein's breakdown of the psychoanalytic process |
Create myth that patients accept Patients feel better after accepting such myth |
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According to Wittgeinstein, the primary job of a psychoanalysis is _____? |
Find good stories to produce desired therapetuic effects on patients |
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According to Wittgeinstein, evidence in psychoanalysis will always be a product of ______ |
Persuasion |
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Did not believe that dreams necessarily had hidden meanins or psychoanalyst had method of interpretation to analyze their meanings.
Believed dream analysis is an example of non-scientific activity of persuasion on patients |
Wittgeinstein |
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How did Existential psychotherapy and psychoanalysis differ in cause of disturbances? |
Psychoanalyst believed disturbance are unacceptable drives, repressed and want to come out. Fix is to make these drives conscious. Existential psychotherapist believe disturbance comes from unacceptable aspects of our existence which are out of our control. To fix, help patients respond or face up to these aspects of their existence |
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How did existential psychologist and psychoanalyst differ on idea of interpretation? |
Both interpreted but psychoanalyst tried to find hidden "latent" meanings while existential tried to find meaning from the descriptive process that is understood in light of patient's current experience. |
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Existential psychologist concept of transference |
Viewed in terms of perception to the world, a real event developed. Therefore, transference relationships are real |
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Resistance in the psychoanalyst belief |
When unconscious material begins to come to conscious, it creates anxiety, patients develop resistance to these materials. mostly unconscious |
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Existential psychologist perspective on resistance |
Serves to avoid self-awareness and responsibility To maintain an inauthentic relation to their lives |
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How do existential psychologist work on fixing resistance? |
Work together in order to unravel patient's patterns of inauthenticity. |
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Repression in psychoanalyst terms
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A method of suppressing mental impulses and not allowing them into consciousness |
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Existential psychotherapist view on repression |
Believed it should be viewed in our conscious rejection of our potential to engage in open, free relationship to someone or something. |