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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plateau of Tibet |
Average elevation of 4500 meters above sea level; highest region in the world |
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Tibetans and Denisovans |
Share an extended haplotype structure; interbred before the Han and Tibetan populations diverged; strong positive selection in the Tibetans but not the Han |
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Denosovans |
Are extinct; we've only found a few bone fragments (but they had DNA!) |
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Serum Albumen Antibody Reactions |
Used to show that humans, gorillas and two types of chimps are closely related |
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Molecular phylogeny |
Showed that chimps and humans were sister taxa, with gorillas the next closest relative |
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Deep coalescence |
“incomplete lineage sorting” refer to the failure of gene copies to coalesce within the duration of the species |
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Deep coalescence is more likely along short, wide branches or long, narrow branches? |
Short, wide branches |
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Number of chromosomes in Homo, Pan, Gorilla |
-46, 48, 48 -Difference is likely due to chromosomes merging |
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Synapomorphies |
Shared traits; there are many synapomorphies among humans, chimps, and gorillas |
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Autapomorphy |
A distinctive feature, known as a derived trait, that is unique to a given taxon |
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ERVs |
Endogenous Retrovirus; retroviruses are not passed on to offspring; they are only passed on if they affect the germline --> Then they are "endogenous" |
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ERV phylogeny |
Confirms that humans, chimps, and gorillas are closely related; cannot confirm if chimps or gorillas are more closely related |
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Proconsul africanus |
Early ape, not bipedal |
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Changes between monkeys and apes |
Quad --> Bipedal Large --> Small teeth Small --> Large brain |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
Possible early hominid; Found in Chad, Africa; 7 million years ago; we only have one skull |
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Ardipithecus (two species) |
Probable early hominins; 5 mya |
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Australopithecus (several species) |
Archaic hominins; 4 mya; small brain sizes but walked upright at least part of the time; used stone tools; Lucy was an australopithecus afarensis |
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Megadont archaic homiins |
Robust hominins; 3 mya; side branch set apart from the rest |
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Paranthropus (many species) |
Side branch of the lineage that led to modern humans; huge chewing muscles |
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Transitional hominins |
H. rudolfenis and H. habilis; 2 mya |
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Premodern Homo |
1 mya; homo _______ |
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Homo heidelbergensis |
A possible ancestor to both modern humans and Neanderthals |
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Acheulean hand axe |
Dates to 400,000 years ago; a tool found in Europe; shows careful planning and substantial skill in constructing |
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Homo neanderthalensis tool |
200,000 year old stone blade; adhesive pitch was fashioned by heating birch sap over a fire |
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Levallois technich |
A technique to create stone tools; a sloped based ie prepared and then a thinner flake (the tool itself) is split off from the base |
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Oldest human DNA |
400,000; found in Spanish cave at Sima de los Huesos; shows a close relationship to the Denisovans which had previously only been found in Siberia |
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Homo floresiensis |
Has a similar skull shape yet much smaller skull than other homo species; lived on an island |
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Homo naledi |
Over 1500 bones were found in the Rising Star cave system in South Africa |
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Hominin cranial capacity has ______ over the last 4 million years |
Increased (in ml) |
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Meanderthal |
Found in Europe, the Middle East, and into the Eastern part of Asia |
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Classic Multiregional hypothesis |
Modesto gene flow prevents speciation (Homo ergaster & erectus --> heidelbergensis --> sapiens) |
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Out-of-Africa hypothesis |
Homo ergaster leaves Africa and becomes erectus in Asia; homo heidelbergensis arises and spreads into Europe where the Neanderthal and Denisovans branch off; homo sapiens arises from heidelbergensis in Africa, spreads worldwide and replaces the resident hominins |
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Genetic structure in Eurasia |
Europe, North Africa/Middle East, Central Asia, Kalash (remote Kush mountains of Northern Pakisatan) |
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H. pylori |
Shows five major source populations; Ancestral Africa 1 & 2, Ancestral Europe 1 & 2, Ancestral East Asia; heterozygosity decreases with distances from Africa |
