Evolution Is Supported By Scientific Evidence

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Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of

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scientific evidence

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Evidence for evolution is seen in ways such as:

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Direct observations, fossil record, homology, biogeography

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Evidence for evolution- direct observations of evolutionary change includes

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• Insect populations can rapidly become resistant to pesticides such as DDT

• Evolution of drug-resistant viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria

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Evidence for Evolution: The fossil record includes:

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fossils since it shows the remains or traces of organisms from the past and shows the evolutionary changes that occurred over time and the origin of major new groups of organisms

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Evidence for Evolution: Homology includes

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homologous structures, embryonic homologies, vestigial organs, and molecular homologies

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homology

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characteristics in related species can have an underlying similarity even though they have very different functions

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homologous structures are

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anatomical signs of evolution

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What is this an example of?

Forelimbs of mammals that are now used for a variety of purposes, such as flying in bats or swimming in whales, but were present and used in a common ancestor for walking

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Homologous structures

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Embryonic homologies is the comparison of

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early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms

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Remnants of the pelvis and leg bones are found in some snacks

What is this an example of?

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Vestigial organs

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What is this an example of?

All vertebrate embryos have a post-anal tail and pharyngeal pouches

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embryonic homologies

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Molecular homologies are

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shared characteristics on the molecular level

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All life forms use the genetic language of DNA and RNA. Amino acid sequences coding for hemoglobin in primate species shows great similarity.

What is this an example of?

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Molecular homologies

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Convergent evolution explain why

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distantly related species can resemble each other.

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Convergent evolution has taken place when

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two organisms developed similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges not b/c they evolved from a common ancestor

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The result from convergent evolution is considered

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analogous rather than homologous since the organisms didn't adapt to their environment w/ a common ancestor

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Analogous structures are

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similar solutions to similar problems but don't indicate close relatedness

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What is this an example of?

whale fin/ bat wing

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Homologous structures

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What is this an example of?

Bird wing/ butterfly wing

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analogous structure

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Biogeography is the

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geographic distribution of species

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Evidence for evolution- Biogeography

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Species in a discrete geographic area tend to be more closely related to each other than to species in distant geographic areas

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In South America desert animals are more closely related to local animals in other habitats than they are to the desert animals of Asia.

What is this an example of?

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Evolution by biogeography

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What can explain the similarity of species on continents that are distant today?

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Continental drift and the break up of Pangaea

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Endemic species are found at a certain

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geographic location and nowhere else

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What is this an example of?

Marine iguanas are endemic to the Galápagos

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Endemic species

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Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection explains the succession of

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forms in the fossil record since transitional fossils have been found that link ancient organisms to modern species like Darwin's theory predicts

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Evolution is

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change in species over time

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There is overproduction of offspring which leads to

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competition for resources

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Heritable variations

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exist within a population

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Variations can result in

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Differential reproductive success

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Over generations can result in the

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changes in the genetic composition of the population

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Does individuals or populations evolve?

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Populations

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The fossil record documents

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the history of life

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The fossil record is the sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of

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sedimentary rock that constitute Earth's surface

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Paleontologists study the

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fossil record

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Fossils are formed from the

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sedimentary rock and the layers of minerals settling out of water

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Rocks and fossils are dated several ways:

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Relative dating and radiometric dating

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Relative dating uses the

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order of rock strata to determine the relative age of fossils

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Radiometric dating uses the

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decay of radiometric isotopes to determine the age of the rocks or fossils that is based on the rate of decay or half-life of the isotope

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Foraging behavior includes

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eating & mechanisms used to search for, recognize, & capture food

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optimal foraging model

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proposes that it's a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining food

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Mating systems include:

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Promiscuous, Monogamous & Polygamous

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Agonistic behaviors are often

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ritualized contests that determine which competitor gains access to a resource such as food or mates

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Altruism occurs when

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animals behave in ways that reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population

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Inclusive fitness is the total effect

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an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring

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What is kin selection?

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The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives