Evolution Exam 2 Review

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Conservative Characters

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retained with little or no change over long periods

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Mosaic Evolution

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evolution of different characters at different rates within a lineage

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Gradualism

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changes accumulate slowly

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Saltation

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large changes occur suddenly

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Example- gradation in bills of sandpipers

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gradualism- gradations in curvature and length- bills evolved through small changes

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Example- parts of the two different sea urchin species have diff. sorts of changes

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mosaic evolution- adult features evolved slowly, larval stages rapidly

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T/F Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

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False- example of vertebrate embryos become less alike as they develop

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Modules

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units with distinct (uniform) genetic specifications and features (many leaves, teeth, etc)

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Individualization

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modules that take on their own specific traits (molars vs. incisors) (leaves vs. flower petals)

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Example- teeth of mammals

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Individualization

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Heterochrony

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Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events (Paedomorphosis & Paramorphosis)

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Paedomorphosis

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adult takes on juvenile form (salamander)

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Paramorphosis

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adult form is extended (human brain)

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Allometry

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differential rate of growth of different parts or dimensions of an organism during its ontogeny (bat wing bones- fingers) (elephant tusks- incisors)

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Heterotropy

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change in the position at which a phenotypic character develops (roots from stems in climbing lianas) (photosynthetic roots)

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Evolutionary trends

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patterns produced from repeated directional change of a character within an evolutionary lineage or in separate lineages (columbine spur length gets longer due to pollinator coevolution)

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Trend: Radiation

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divergent evolution of numerous related lineages within a relatively short time (adaptive if the characters support specialization in lifestyles) (not directional)

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Example: beak size in Darwin's finches & lips of African cichlid fishes

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adaptive radiation- food sources

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Genome size

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expect a larger genome (# of base pairs BP) in complex organisms

(eukaryotes -> prokaryote -> virus) (NOT true within eukaryotes)

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Gene duplication

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ancestral gene is copied and pasted back into the genome

results in two loci in descendants that evolve separately

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Homology- Paralogous

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two copies in one lineage

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Orthologous

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either copy across lineages

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Human Globin Gene Family

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gene duplication can lead to specialization of units

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Paralogous or Paralogous Regions

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gene duplication- large chunks may be duplicated with many genes at the chromosomal level

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Polyploidy duplication

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non-disjunction in meiosis may produce additional complete sets of chromosomes (duplicated genes are paralogs)

independently evolved genomes are conflated in hybrids (brings orthologs together)

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Fossil

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any evidence of an organism from more than 10,000 years ago (can still be alive)

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Fossil record

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direct evidence of evolution (biological diversity, phenotypic transformations, time scale)

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Igneous rock

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produced by cooling magma

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Sedimentary rock

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deposited gradually in place

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metamorphic rock

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other type molded by great heat and pressure

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Lithosphere

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crust (8 plates total)

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Athenosphere

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plastic layer beneath lithosphere (origin at oceanic ridges moves plate 5-10 cm/year)

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Geologic time- Big Bang, oldest rocks, first life, first animals

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14 BYA; 3.8 BYA; 3.5 BYA; 800 MYA

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Radiometric dating

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ABSOLUTE- must be igneous if rock; atoms in the parent material undergo radioactive decay; half-lives are constant and known; ratio of parent/daughter atoms gives # of half-lives

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Carbon-14

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up to 40,000 YA

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Potassium-40 (potassium-argon)

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300,000 years and older

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Stratigraphy

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RELATIVE- law of superposition; deposition is periodic; strata have chemical and physical signatures that can be matched in different regions; erosion and metamorphism disrupt patterns

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T/F- Evolutionary changes within a single species are an example of cladogenesis

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False (anagenesis)

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Examples- plankton with CaCO3 shells; stickleback fish

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gradualism in anagenesis

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Changes in mean values of characters in fossil stickleback fish

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mosaic evolution

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Origins of major groups- Tetrapods

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descended from lobe finned fishes

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Origins of major groups- birds are therapod dinosaurs

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recent feathered fossil discoveries blur distinction; related to T-rex; Archaeopteryx (first feathered dino fossil)

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Skeletal features of dinosaurs and birds

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toothed beak (reptilian); wing claw (reptilian); airfoil wing with contour feathers (avian); long tail with many vertebrae (reptilian)

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Origin of Mammals

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Evolution of mammals from amniote stem lineage gradually (130 MY) (Devonian to Jurassic)

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T/F- Evolution of mammalian characteristics followed a mosaic pattern

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True

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Origin of Cetaceans

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originate from terrestrial mammals

-Eocene (55-34 MYA)

-closest extant relative is the Hippo

-highly modified for aquatic life

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T/F- vestigial structures are structures that are evolutionary remnants and that serve no purpose for the organism

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True

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Hominins

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humans: sister lineage to chimps

diverged from chimp lineage 5-6 MYA Africa

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T/F- all hominins were humans in biological terms

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True

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Hominids

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larger group with all great apes

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Origin of humans

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diverse taxa 4-2 MYA

-tool use in robust Australopithecus spp. 2.3-2.6 MYA

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First evidence of Homo spp. (genus)

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1.9-1.5 MYA

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"missing link"

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Australopithecus habilis

-early forms with A. africanis features, later like H. erectus

-Homo spp. probably an unbranched lineage

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Homo erectus

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1.6mya-200kya

-modern human features in skull, anatomy, behavior by mid-pleistocene (800kya)

-1000cc brain capacity increasing with time

-Africa --> Asia

-sophisticated stone tools, fire utilization widespread (500 kya)

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Homo neanderthalensis

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-considered distinct from 400-300kya

-transitional but considered separate species (DNA)

-peak cranial capacity 1500cc (larger than ours)

-thick brow, thick dense bones, fully upright position

-advanced tools, ritualized burial likely

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Homo sapiens

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-appears in africa ~170kya

-co-occurs with neanderthals in the middle east extensively until 40kya

-12kya or earlier spread across Bering into NA

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general trends of homo sapiens

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Mosaic- apelike ancestor

-increase in brain size

-adaptive nature of changes speculative

-bipedialism posture for carrying food home

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punctuated equilibrium

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long periods of stasis with rapid shifts from one such "equilibrium" state to another as species form

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phyletic gradualism

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gradual change not necessarily associated with speciation

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Three models of evolution

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punctuated gradualism

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=punctuated anagenesis- long periods of stasis with rapid shifts from one such "equilibrium" state to another NOT as species form

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Single land mass in the earliest Triassic

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Pangea

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Eurasia and North America were fairly separate by the late _________.

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Jurassic

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____________ had become fragmented into most of the major southern land masses by the late Cretaceous

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Gondwana

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By the late ________, the land masses were close to their present configurations

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Oligocene

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Bering land bridge

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2 MYA

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Glacial refugia

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glaciation "ice age"

peak 22kya, recede 8kya