Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consequences of asymmetric limits on fitness |
members of the sex subject to strong selection will be competitive members of the sex subject to weak selection will be selective |
|
intrasexual selection |
male-male competition |
|
alternative strategies the smaller iguanas |
smaller iguanas take less time to copulate advantage to be smaller |
|
alternative strategies sneaky sex |
fish shooting sperm into the water ex. salmon |
|
alternative strategies sperm competition |
can have clutch/litter with more than one dad large ejaculations ex. ladyflies |
|
alternative strategies infanticide |
males kill offspring from other males |
|
intersexual selection |
selection on males females choice ex. red-collared widowbirds have long tails despite being a disadvantage |
|
assortive mating |
genetic variation in female preference and male display preferences and variation then passed on to offspring |
|
if pop display matches pop preference... |
then pop will not evolve |
|
runaway selection |
carries pop away from equilibrium ex. ants with longer eyestalks win male competitions and females develop preference for longer stalks |
|
choosy female benefits |
get better genes for offspring can receive shelter from male can receive food from male |
|
polyandry |
female having more than one partner litter size and # of mother's sexual partners are related |
|
mutualistic relationship |
actor = + recipient = + ex. greater ani birds and communal nests |
|
selfishness |
actor = + recipient = - ex. cane toads eat each other to reduce competition |
|
altruism |
actor = - recipient = + ex. ground squirrels will sound the alarm to warn others |
|
spite |
actor = - recipient = - ex. bacteriocin |
|
direct fitness |
fitness contribution from personal fitness |
|
indirect fitness |
fitness contribution from relatives that achieve additional repro success due to altruistic behavior |
|
inclusive fitness |
direct fitness + indirect fitness |
|
kin selection |
natural selection favoring the spread of alleles that increase the indirect component of fitness |
|
increased fitness of close relatives must.... |
decrease personal fitness to be darwinian can show alleles favoring altruism can spread using relatedness |
|
hamilton's rule |
(benefits to recipient)x(relatedness)-(cost to actor) > 0 |
|
greenbeard effect |
allele induces altruism toward others that have same allele (gives visible trait) |
|
requirements for greenbeard effect |
1. allele must cause the trait 2. recognize the trait in others 3. act altruistically toward that other |
|
multilevel selection |
an evolutionary process in which selection acts at multiple levels |
|
cooperation |
behavior that is beneficial or costly to the actor and beneficial to the recipient and selected for at least in part because recipient benefits can be selected for when higher productivity of groups w/ cooperators outweighs the lower relative fitness of cooperators themselves |