Evidence Based Dentistry Test 1

Front 1

What are the 3 "Key components" of evidence based health care

Back 1

1. Clinically relevant questions
2. Systematic review
3. Evidence based conclusions

Front 2

FDA regulations are established in legislation by __

Back 2

Congress

Front 3

Needs FDA pre-approval, takes 7-10 years and requires 3 phases of human trials

Back 3

New Drug application

Front 4

__ is used to for generic equivalent drugs

Back 4

Amended New Drug applicaiton

Front 5

__-device manufacturere submits evidence of safety for homan testing, then FDA provides __ to begin human trials; process takes __ yrs

Back 5

Pre-Market Approval
IDE (investigational Device Exemption)
2-4 yrs

Front 6

__- issued when manufactuer claims new device is "substantially equivalent" to predicate device- takes __ time

Back 6

510 (k)
90 Days

Front 7

Classification of devices-give examples
I
II
III
__ don't requre clinical testing prior to marketing

Back 7

I-handpieces, paper points, denture cleaners
II-most restorative materials, adhesives, denture base/liners
III-implants
I and II

Front 8

__ come with specific regulated product literature and claims are restricted to clinical evidence

Back 8

Prescription Drugs

Front 9

T/F There is very little survailence of OTC drugs and the can make any claims to sell the product

Back 9

True

Front 10

When it comes to devices PMA/510 are like prescription drugs and PMA/510 are like OTC

Back 10

PMA
510

Front 11

T/F New dental techniques are highly regulated

Back 11

False

Front 12

List the Basics of reseach and example questions (hint there are 5 and the 1st one is question)

Back 12

1. Quesiton-what is the purpose
2. Design-how will collect data
3. Analysis-what does data show
4. Interpretation-what does results mean
5. Extrapolation-apply to real world

Front 13

TERMS
__-degree that conclusions describe what happened in the study
__-degree that these conclusions are appropriate when applied outside the study

Back 13

Internal validity
External validity

Front 14

TERMS
__-wrong result due to chance-disruption in ANY direction
__wrong reslut due to bias-disruption in ONE direction

Back 14

Random error
Systematic error

Front 15

List the steps of focusing a clinical question (4)

Back 15

1. How would i descirbe a group of pts like mine?
2. What tmt am I considering?
3. What are the tmt alternatives
4.What can I accomplish?

Front 16

List the Parts of a research article

Back 16

Abstract, Intro, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion

Front 17

Parts of Research Article
__-synopsis, good for screening

Back 17

Abstract

Front 18

Parts of Research Article
__-set up of article, ends w/ statement of purpose

Back 18

Intro

Front 19

Parts of Research Article
__-cookbook for reproducing work

Back 19

Methds and materials

Front 20

Parts of Research Article
__-data reported, results of statistical tests

Back 20

Results

Front 21

Parts of Research Article
__-least important part of research article, explains results and relates study to previous work

Back 21

Discussion

Front 22

Give examples of Primary sources

Back 22

Research articles
Case Studies

Front 23

Types of Sources
__-"true experiments", control groups, limited scope-external validity

Back 23

Research articles

Front 24

Types of Sources
__-single subject or small group, reports new tmt effect or unusual case, downfalls: no control group, small sample and subjective

Back 24

Case Studies

Front 25

Give examples of Secondary sources

Back 25

Review Articles
Meta analysis

Front 26

Types of Sources
__-overview for complicated/dense area of study; downfalls: selective, biased, misinterpreted etc; want it to evaluate the quality of literature not just summarize it

Back 26

Review Articles

Front 27

Types of Sources
__-analyzes the combined results of previously publish studies but results may be incomplete and may not have included all relevant studies

Back 27

Meta Analysis

Front 28

Give some examples of tertiary sources

Back 28

Text books, manuals, encyclopedias, internet, popular press

Front 29

__-peer reviewd manuscripts, stringent acceptance crieteira, judged by specialists

Back 29

"Core" journal

Front 30

Variables
__determined byt the investigator-has atleast 2 values
__-what is measured
__-not controlled for or randomly assigned, could affect the outcome

Back 30

Independant variable
Dependant variable
Confounding variable

Front 31

Conceptual vs Operational-which is more specific

Back 31

Operational

Front 32

__-collect data on a group of subjects at one point in time, observational

Back 32

Cross-sectional studies

Front 33

Biggest downfall of cross-sectional studies

Back 33

Only 1 point in time

Front 34

__-collect multiple data points on subjects at one point in time

Back 34

Longitudinal study

Front 35

Early Failures happen in _ amt of time..list some

Back 35

Days to months
Postop pain, inappropriate manipulation, inappropriate indication

Front 36

Late failures happen in __ amt of time...list some

Back 36

Months to years
Recurrent caries, fatigue failure, excessive wear

Front 37

List some factors affecting survival rates/failures of restorations (7)

Back 37

Local/geographic factors, size of cavity, location in arch, type of material, duration of observation, time period, cross-sectional vs longintudinal, study criteral

Front 38

Sampeling
__-large set of ppl (world) to which the resluts will be applied
__-subset of ppl available for the study
__-subset of accessible population that is available for the study

Back 38

Target population
Accessible population
Intended population

Front 39

T/F Women are well represented in most drug studies

Back 39

False

Front 40

Criteria
__-main characteristics of target and accessible population
__-meet inclusion criteria but have char. likely to interfere w/ the quality of data or interpretation of findings

Back 40

Inclusion
Exclusion

Front 41

Sameling protocol
__-random process to assure each person in accessible pop. has had equal chance of selection-give examples

Back 41

Probability
Simple random, systematic, Stratified, Cluster

Front 42

Sampleing Protocol
__-not a random process
give examples

Back 42

Non-probablity
Consecutive, convenince, judgmental

Front 43

Measurement
__-degree to wich a variable when measured several times generated the same value (affected by random errof)

Back 43

Precision

Front 44

__-measured values on average are close to true values, affected by systematic error

Back 44

Accuracy

Front 45

__-variable represents what it's supposed to represent or measure what it is suppsed to measure

Back 45

Valitity

Front 46

__ is affected by random error; __ is affected by systematic error (bias)

Back 46

Precision
Accuracy

Front 47

List exampels of systematic sources of error

Back 47

Subject, examiner and instrument bias

Front 48

List some examples of random sources of error

Back 48

Subject, examiner, and instrument variability

Front 49

__ meastuer the probability that the observed observation is due to chance

Back 49

Statistical P-test values

Front 50

P test values less than __ are significant

Back 50

.05

Front 51

T/F When using the P test, if a value is non-significant this means that it is not important

Back 51

False

Front 52

2 Types of inferentail statistics
1.__-continuous data normally distributed
2.__-categorical data or sometimes non-normally distributed continuous data

Back 52

Parametric
Non-parametric

Front 53

Data types
__-measure in a numeric scales that represents a true quantity
__-measured in categories or classes

Back 53

Continuous
Categorical

Front 54

2 types of categorical data types
__-categories have no natural order
__-categories have a natural order

Back 54

Contiuous
Categorical

Front 55

Frequencies
__-number of observations in each category
__-% total observations in each category

Back 55

Counts
Proportions

Front 56

__-most frequent observation
__-middle observation-half of the observations are larger and half are smaller
__-average
__-# observations with divided by # without

Back 56

Mode
Median
Ratios
Mean

Front 57

Measurement of dispersion
__-lgst to smallest
__middle 50%
__-measure of pread around the mean

Back 57

Range
Inter-quartile range
Standard deviation

Front 58

Tests of Association
__-measures the relationship /t 2 variables
-1 means __
0 means __
+1 means __

Back 58

Correlation coefficient
-1= strong negative correlation
0= no strong relationship
+1= strong positive correlation

Front 59

Types of statistics
__-procedues for summarizing data
___-procedures for drawing conclusions about comparisons, associations or predictions of relationships

Back 59

Descriptive
Inferential

Front 60

There are 2 subtypes of categorical data
__-categories have no natural order-ie sex, marital status
___categories have natural order-like our end of semester evalutations (like, dislike)

Back 60

Nominal
Ordinal

Front 61

Parametric Normally Distributed exampels
__ and __

Back 61

t-test
ANOVA

Front 62

T-test
__-compares your data to "norms"
__-compares 2 independent groups
__-compares means from 2 independent observations from 1 group

Back 62

One sample t-test
2 sample t-test
Paired t-test

Front 63

__ comares 3 or more means either b/t or w/i groups (often a post-hoc test is used to compare specific groups)

Back 63

ANOVA

Front 64

List some examples of non-parametric tests

Back 64

Wilcoxon sighned, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square

Front 65

Study of distribution of derterinants and antecedents of health and disease in human populations-applications of results to control health problems

Back 65

Epidemiology

Front 66

2 Categories of Epidemiology: 1)__-observes disease (time, place, peolpe)
2)__-tests specific hypothesis (relates exposure to disease)

Back 66

Descriptive

Analytic

Front 67

Descriptive vs Analytic
Survey and cross-sectional are examples of __
Cohort and case-control are examples of __

Back 67

Descriptive

Analytic

Front 68

__ science is described by:
Expericmental, variables controlled, all variables known, easy to reproduce, valid results, meaning for humans unknow, little need to statisticallymanipulate data, equipment intensive

Back 68

Labratory Science

Front 69

__ Science:
Observational, variables controlled by nature, some variables unknown, replication difficult, results uncertain, meaning of results for human clear, statistical control v. impt, labor intensive

Back 69

Field Science

Front 70

__ study is good for small groups of ppl where a control group of similar ppl can be assembled-one group with a factor and one group without and otherwise matched

Back 70

Cohort

Front 71

__ study=1 disease, many factors
__ sudy=1 factor, many outcomes

Back 71

Cases Control

Cohort

Front 72

"Gold standard "=__-individuals are randomly assigned to a tmt grou, data is analyzed to see if groups are the same then outcomes are evaluated

Back 72

Radomized Control Trial (RCT)

Front 73

Alternitive to RCT___-group A gets tmt 1st then Group B then reverse

Back 73

Cross-over

Front 74

In pain sudies __% of ppl respond favorable to a placebo; percentage increases when a strong positive suggestion is added by investigator

Back 74

35%

Front 75

__ refers to a lack of knowlege about the study tmt

Back 75

Blinding

Front 76

__ blinding means either the patient or the investigator doesn't know the tmt, __ means both the patient and investigator don't know

Back 76

Single blind
Bouble blind

Front 77

__-post-marketing surveillance studies with the objective to obtain info on: user acceptance of handling properties, clinical performance in general practive, feedback for future product improvement

Back 77

PPA-practitoner product assessment

Front 78

Participants in a PPA
__-advises and assures scientific approach
__-placement and observation
__-data mgmt, independant quality assurance
__-overall project mgmt and funding

Back 78

University professor
General dental practitioners
CRO
Sponsor

Front 79

Null hypothesis
Type I error-null hypothesis is rejected when its true-2 groups are NOT different but experiment says they are is called a __
Type II error-null hypothesis accepted when its false-2 groups are different but experiment says they are not

Back 79

Type I=false positive

Type II=false negative

Front 80

Results
__-proportion of ppl with disease who correctly test positive (true positive/true positive+false negative)

Back 80

Sensitivity

Front 81

Results
__-proportion of ppl w/o disease who correctly test negative (true negative/true negative+false positive)

Back 81

Specificity

Front 82

__-the proportion of the results that agree with the "gold standard

Back 82

Diagnostic accuracy

Front 83

List the steps in EBD

Back 83

Question, Search, Evaluate, Script, Present, Plan