Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa & Helminths Part Ii

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Eukaryotic PHOTOAUTOTROPHS that LACK the tissues of plants

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Algae

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Unicellular OR multicellular
Most found in OCEANS

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Algae

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A diverse group of PHOTOSYNTHETIC organisms that contain CHLOROPHYLL

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Algae

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Vegetative Structures
Thallus = ?
Holdfasts = ?
Stipes = ?
Blades = ?

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Thallus = body
Holdfasts = anchor
Stipes = stemlike
Blades = leaflike

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LACK conductive tissue of vascular plants

ABSORB nutrients from WATER

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Algae

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Algal Reproduction:

How does Algae REPRODUCE?

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asexually as well as sexually

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Algal Reproduction:

CELL DIVISION and fragmentation

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asexual

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Meiosis makes ________ which fuse to form ________ zygotes.

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gametes

diploid

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Sometimes ________ gamete has _________.

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haploid

flagella

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Unicellular OR filamentous (2)

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Diatoms

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ALGAE with COMPLEX cells walls that consist of PECTIN & a LAYER OF SILICA

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Diatoms

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Dinoflagellates are UNICELLUAR Algae?

True or false

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TRUE

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PLANKTON = FREE FLOATING Organisms

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Dinoflagellates

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Dinoflagellates produce ________.

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neurotoxins

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trapped in the Gills of fish; release a neurotoxin that stops the fish from BREATHING

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Gymnodinium breve

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produce TOXINS that are INGESTED by fish and shellfish.

Hint: RED TIDE

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Alexandrium species

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When Alexandrium species fish and shellfish are eaten by humans, dizziness, muscle weakness and even death may result; cooking does not destroy the toxins.

What kind of poisoning does it cause?

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Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

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Large concentration of Alexandrium

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Red Tide

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Primary producers in AQUATIC food chains

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Algae

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Fixes CARBON into organic molecules

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Algae

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produce most of the molecular OXYGEN in the Earth’s atmosphere (80%)

OXYGEN produced as a by-product of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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Planktonic algae

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PERIODIC INCREASES in numbers of planktonic ALGAE

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Algal blooms

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Microscopic, UNICELLULAR eukaryotes that LACK CHLOROPHYLL

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Protozoa

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FREE-LIVING and found in MARINE and FRESH water as well as terrestrial environments

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Protozoa

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They are important decomposers in many ECOSYSTEMS and are an important part of the food chain

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Protozoa

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These have HARD SILICON SHELLS

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Protozoa

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REPRODUCTION is often by FISSION or BUDDING; some reproduce by MULTIPLE FISSION.

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Schizogony

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SEXUAL reproduction in Paramedium is through _____________.

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conjugation

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Protozoa Conjugation is a two way process:

Name the the first process.

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Haploid nucleus (micronucleus) from each parent migrates to a new parent

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Protozoa Conjugation is a two way process:

Name the the second process.

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Two fertilized parents separate and divide producing daughter cells

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THis causes some SERIOUS DISEASES such as malaria, sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis and vaginitis.

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Protozoa

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Do antibiotics work effectivey on protozoa?

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NO

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Are protozoas EUKARYOTES or Prokaryotes?

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Eukaryotes

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Do most anti protozoan drugs also affect human cells?

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YES

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hard to DIAGNOSE because they DON'T RESPOND to antibiotic therapy.

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Protozoa infections

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In the US, these are they are very UNCOMMON, they are not considered by a M.D?

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Protozoa infections

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The ORGANISM that causes VAGINitis & TRICHOMONiasis

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Organism: Trichomonas vaginalis

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Transmission Route of this disease is thru: SEXUAL contact

Must be transferred from host to host quickly before desication

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Trichomoniasis & vaginitis

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Symptoms of this disease include: irritation, PELVIC discomfort, greenish DISCHARGE

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Trichomoniasis & vaginitis

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This protozoa disease occurs in the VAGINA & MALE URINARY TRACT, are commonly carried by males, co-infection w/ gonorrhea, has an undulating membrane and treated with metronidazole.

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Trichomoniasis & vaginitis

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The organism that causes GIARDIAsis.

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Organism: Giardia lamblia

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Route of Transmission of this disease is thru: FECAL/ORAL

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Disease: Giardiasis

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Symptoms of this disease includes: severe DIARRHEA, CRAMPS, fever, transmission by CYSTS in CONTAMINATED WATER

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Disease: Giardiasis

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This disease is found in SMALL INTESTINES of humans and other mammals.

Excreted in FECES as CYSTS

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Disease: Giardiasis

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2 predominant nuclei

RESISTANT to chlorine

distinctive H2S ODOR (rotten egg) in STOOL or BREATH

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Disease: Giardiasis

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This organism causes the disease: AMEBiasis.

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Organism: Entamoeba histolytica

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AMEBIASIS may invade the PERITONEUM to cause: _________.

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Amoebic dysentry

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TRANSMISSION of Amebiasis is thru:

Hint: F & O

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fecal/oral route

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presence of INGESTED ORGANISM is diagnosed thru the RBC.

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Amebiasis (entamoeba histolytica)

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The symptoms of this disease include: pain, CRAMPING & BLOODY STOOL

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Amebiasis

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The ORGANISM that causes MALARIA is:

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Plasmodium

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The VECTOR thats causes the disease: Malaria

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Mosquito: Anopheles

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This VECTOR is the DEFINITIVE HOST host for Malaria.

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Mosquito: Anopheles

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HARBORS sexual reproduction

Hint: DH

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Definitive host

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The symptoms for this disease include: intense HEADACHES, nausea, CHILLS, HIGH FEVER, and extreme physical EXHAUSTION.

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Malaria

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Who are the INTERMEDIATE HOST for Malaria?

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Humans

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What is the LIFE CYCLE of the Plasmodium?

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injected thru a mosquito bite

Invades the liver cells

Undergoes schizogony

Release merozoites in RBC infecting them.

Waste products

Leads to symptoms

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The ORGANISM that causes TAXOPLASMosis is:

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Toxoplasma gondii

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The DEFINITIVE HOST in TOXOplamosis is:

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CAT

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TAXOplasmosis is dangerous to who and why?

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pregnant women because it can cause congenital infection (in the uterus).

Still birth
brain damage
Blindness

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Organism that causes CRYPTOSPORDIosis

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Organism: Cryptosporidium parvum

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The transmission of CryptospORdiosis is thru:

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Transmission: fecal/oral route

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The Symptoms of this disease includes: ABDOMINAL PAIN, PROFUSE diarrhea, WEIGHT LOSS AND LOSS OF APPETITE

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Cryptosporidiosis

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Treatment for this disease is: REHYDRATION (due to profuse diarrhea)

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Cryptospordiosis

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Which 2 diseases are resistant to Chlorine (Cl).

Hint: C & G

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Cryptosporidiosis

Giardiasis

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Transmitted thru bite of a SAND FLY

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Leishmaniasis

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This disease is found in the TROPICAL WORLD (Middle East)

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Leishmaniasis

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This disease is a CUTANEOUS (skin) disease.

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Leishmaniasis

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Caused by the Vector - KISSING bug

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Chagas' Disease

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What is the PROTOZOA that causes Chagas' Disease

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Trypanosoma

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Chagas' Disease is found in what parts of the world?

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Central America

Mexico

South Texas

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Symptoms of this disease include fatigue, fever & SWOLLEN LYMPHNODES.

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Chagas' Disease

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MULTICELLULAR eukaryotic ANIMALS

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Helminths

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Generally possess DIGESTIVE, CIRCULATORY, NERVOUS, EXCRETORY, and REPRODUCTIVE systems

Hint: WORMS

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Helminths

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These Helminths are FREE-LIVING, but they may cause serious disease such as PINWORM disease, whipworm disease, hookworm disease and ascariasis.

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Nemotodes or Roundworms

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TAPEWORM with SEGMENTED BODIES and HOOKS to attach to the wall of the intestine.

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Cestodes

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often have COMPLICATED LIFE CYCLES that necessarily INVOLVES MORE THAN ONE HOST.

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Trematodes, or flukes

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Most tapeworm infections occur in persons who EAT?

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Uncooked or undercooked meats

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Some TAPEWORMS are acquired by ingesting?

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fleas infected with dog or cat tapeworms

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TAPEWORM from inadequately cooked pork

Has HOOKS and SUCKERS in the SCOLEX (head)

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Taenia solium

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Also known as the PINWORM

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Round worm

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Found in PORK or eating POORLY COOKED PORK

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Trichinosis/Trichinella

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Symptoms of this disease include: fever, swelling around the eyes, GI UPSET, small hemorrages under nails

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Trichinosis

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Multicellular PARASITES

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Arthropods

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These PARASITES ACT AS VECTORS for disease.

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Arthropods

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Name SIX (6) Arthropods:

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Mosquitoes, Fleas, Lice, Ticks, Mites,& dust mites

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This Arthropod spreads disease by PICKING UP disease-causing organisms and later INJECTING organisms into subsequent organisms that it BITES.

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Mosquitoes

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This arthropod transmits disease such as PLAQUE.

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Fleas

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This anthropod can transmit trench FEVER, epidemic TYPHUS and relapsing fever.

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Lice

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This Anthropod is implicated in Rocky Mountain SPOTTED FEVER and LYME DISEASE

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Ticks

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This anthropod causes SCABIES.

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Mites

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This anthropod is responsible for ALLERGIES & ASTHMA

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Dust Mites

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What found in the BLOOD of female mosquito can be TRANSFERRED from one meal to another?

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Viruses and bacteria

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Do different mosquito species host different disease?

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YES

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LARGE BODY CAVITIES are used for what purpose?

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for storing blood and may hold pathogens

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These are examples of what?

Human louse
Rat flea
Deer Fly
Kissing bug

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Arthropod Vectors

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Vector for TYPHUS, trench FEVER and relapsing fever (all bacterial)

Related to CRAB LOUSE -STI

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Human Body Louse

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disease VECTORS

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Arthropods

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disease CAUSING

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Helminths