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94 Cards in this Set

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William Ewart Gladstone

Served as Prime Minister four times and as Chancellor of Exchequer four times. became committed to low public spending and to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet "The People's William"

Suez Canal

Opened November 1869. 3/4 of vessels using it were British. Provided Britain with a shorter sea route to its empire. Went through Egypt


Reform Act of 1867


· : a piece of British legislation that enabled part of the urban male working class in England and Wales for the first time. Before the Act, only one million of the seven million adult males in England and Wales could vote; the Act immediately doubled that number. Moreover, by the end of 1868 all male heads of household were able voters as a result of the end of compounding of rents.


Muscular Christianity

belief that men should get in touch with their feminine sides. Changing the overt masculine stereotype

Gentlemanly Education

schools were for higher class children, lots of fights because no supervisor wanted to get in trouble with the kids parents

Ceasar Lombroso

first person who came up with the idea of "natural born criminal"

Crainometry

studying the contours of the skull, supported ideas about racial superiority

Sir Francis Galton and English Men of Science

Their nature and nurture: came up with the idea of eugenics and that certain features are inherited. Capared to Darwin. Published in 1865

Treaty of Nanking 1842

end of the first opium war, 5 ports were opened including Hong Kong. British had to reimburse the Chinese for all the Opium

object based epistemology

theory that we can teach someone by using only visual objects

Cabinet of Curiosities

noblemen would find objects they found interesting overseas and come home to put them in their cabinet

Shilling Days

reduce price of admission in to the crystal palace so that both middle and upper class could go

New Poor Law (1834)


New statutes were more strict and harsh for relief. You would have to enter a work house with the bare minimum food, families would be divided. Usually had to sell most stuff to enter. They wanted to prevent people from seeking help, this was a last resort

Bastardy Clause

Used to be that if you got pregnant, you could go to a judge and get the guy to pay restitution, he could go to jail, or could force the man to marry them. With new law, they wanted the large part of the responsibility to fall on the woman so this discouraged them from having sex or they may end up in a work house.

Caroline Norton

upper class woman, very wealthy, got married when she was 19. Husband got violent with her. She filed for separation. She finally I getting a divorce. She goes to the house of commons for divorce, in the trial she has witnesses that he hit her. They court decided it was her fault. Lost custody of her children and was charged with adultery.

Custody of Infants' Act (1839)

act says that women get regular access to their infant children and get partial custody of their children under the age of 7, after that, they weren't required to let the mother see the kids

Sarah Stickney Ellis(1799-1872)


Religious writer who was widely published. She wrote instructional manuals with moral and religious virtues. Married to a missionary with 4 children. Wrote about how to be a good wife, how to raise children, but she didn't have children of her own and didn't get married until she was 38


The Women of England series

Religiously based. She sets the moral tone for how to run a household. A sort of way to make a mini Britain across the world in other colonies. Wanted to help people build an orderly environment unlike the one she grew up in

Separate Spheres

Middle class arising and that people would be living away from their businesses as opposed to living above their shops.

Coventry Patmore

an English poet and critic best known for The Angel in the House, his narrative poem about an ideal happy marriage

Angel in the House

idealized marriage by Victorian standards. However, over time it has given the image of angels being imprisoned in the house. Has become a synonym for oppressive patriarchy and has a lot of religious imagery

Harriet Taylor Mill

opposed angel in the house, Didn't like her marriage and she didn't like the role of women in this time and didn't like that she didn't really have a right to her own body. Wrote a lot about women's rights and against the idea that women are inferior individuals

John Ruskin


Travelled a lot with his parents and was an intellectual genius and very well developed in his teens. Went to oxford and his mom went with him. Published a book called Modern Painters. Published the Seven Lamps of Architecture


Effie Gray

Went to be John Ruskin's mothers companion.


she said he didn’t “consummate” the marriage so she divorced him. (annulled marriage)


Pre-Raphaelite Movement

Established in 1848(ruskin). Group of artist who were fed up and wanted to distinguish themselves from artist of the time and go back to 1500 (pre Raphael art styles) art styles and bucking the Royal Academy of Art. Bright Colors

John Everett Millais

Key member of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Joined the Academy at age 9 and brotherhood at 17. Makes brotherhood more popular. tutored and mentored by Ruskin. Notices weird marriage between Gray and Ruskin. Loves gray and after divorce has kids with her.

Marriage Act of 1857

prior, men only had to prove adultery and women had to prove adultery and something else added to it. You were given alimony, given more access to children, and more rights in the household to your person

Anglo-Irish Ascendancy

English ruling class in Ireland who have a lot of privileges, but the live in Ireland for many years so they may have a slight accent and adopt some customs. Only make up 5% of population

Ulster

Big revolt in Munster in 1580. English troops reacted by crushing the Irish *****. Burning land and homes. Area targeted because of Hugh O'Neil who had lots of land and power who goes to ask French for help, but the English take his land while he's away. Uprising in 1641, where Irish want to rid of the English influence.

Act of Settlement (1652)

Official policy of forced migration. Some even had to move to Caribbean. Many nobles were pardoned but they have to give up something. Many moved to Connacht(western Ireland) that was like a reservation. However protestants didn't have to leave

Penal Laws (1697-1728)

Penal laws were a series of laws that punished Irish resistance to Protestantism and wanted to be sure that the land isn't distributed for Catholics so Protestants could have the land. 10% of land is in hands of Catholics. Only the Anglo Isish ascendancy could sit in irish parliament. Catholics couldn't vote, couldn't go to college or travel abroad to learn at a university, cant carry weapons, can't marry protestants.

United Irishmen and Orange Society

wanted to push against anglo-irish ascendancy and the penal laws(united irishmen). Protestant group similar to United Irishmen except for Protestants(Orange society)

Daniel O'Connell

Irish Catholic lawyer who starts benefiting from the more relax penal laws. Came from a family with money. Formed the Catholic association.

Catholic Emancipation

Catholics can have a seat in Parliament. 30-40 MP out of 100 are Catholic

Irish Potato Famine (1845-49)

Population was 8 million, 4-5 years later population is cut in half( 1million die, 3 million migrate). Robert Peele gets a lot of scientist to work on this problem but gets voted out and new prime minister doesn't care about famine.

Lord Dalhousie

started introducing new programs and institutions, brought in the first railway in 1853 and over 4000 miles of telegraph lines. He linked Delhi and Calcutta by rail lines by 1857. Introduces modern education system.

The Doctrine of the Lapse

absorbs the 700 Princely states into smaller ones created by Dalhousie, but the people didn't like it. The land couldn't be adopted by the son and there is a lapse in the line of succession so the British would take over.

Bahadur Shah II

Following his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British tried and then exiled him from Delhi and sent him to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma.


Indian Mutiny/Sepoy Rebellion


began as a mutiny of sepoys (indian soldiers) of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India,


Oudh

Claims the prince had mismanaged the region, but it was a very wealthy region, so the British made these claims and got control of it so they could get he treasury. Seen as intrusive by the indians.

Enfield Rifles

bolt-action, magazine fed, repeating rifle was the main firearm used by the military forces of the British Empire

Siege at Cawnpore

Summer of 1857 Garrison town under control by General Weaver with a lot of weapons and supplies where Europeans fled to where they are under siege for 3-4 weeks. Europeans were given safe passage to a boat dock on the Ganges going to another town where they will be safe. However they get yelled at, robbed, and eventually a melee breaks out. Get there and boats are on fire


Government of India Act (1858)

Got rid of the East India Company. Canning is no longer considered the Governor General and is now the Viceroy(like a secretary of state). Also got rid of the Doctrine of the lapse.

Memsahibs

1851 census, first time counting actual women, census shows women to men ratio. Women couldn’t really be doctors or lawyers so they became writers.women who go out into the empire in india and didn’t really stay in the house

Myth of the Destructive Female


has to do with india, belief that when wives of officers arrived in india, it was “beneficial”. Before officer wives came, the officers would interact with the natives a lot more and learn about the culture and marry indian women.


Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

first ever woman doctor.

Fanny Butler

doctor, she wasn't very liberal, she accepted women in the households

Florence Nightingale

though god spoke to her when she was a teenager. Became a doctor, she volunteered to go serve as a nurse in the Crimean war. Put in charge of the nurses at the hospital in Scutari

Scutari

hospital ran by Florence Nightingale

Mary Seacole

nurse in the Crimean war

Chartism

a working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858. The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic


Free Trade

a policy in international markets in which governments do not restrict imports or exports.


Royal Commission


The Great Exhibition (museum) was held in The Crystal Palace in London, England, the enormous building was designed by Joseph Paxton for the Exhibition


Joseph Paxton


Member of Parliament, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.


Crystal Palace


More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology


Koh-i-noor diamond

the diamond is a part of the British Crown Jewels

London School of Medicine for Women(1874)

opened by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

Shallow draft steamers

used during civil war in great Britain and US, weren't very popular in Europe

Enterprize

built in competition with Calcutta, notable tugboat

Canton

only open port in China to European traders, only allowed to pay in silver or gold if they wanted good chinese products

Opium Wars

fought between Britain and China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for foreign nationals


Nemesis

most advanced warship of its time, guns could reach super far, used to help maneuver other ships

Grand Canal

canal in China that English wanted to use

Royal African Corps

we now know the rangers were created in the West Indies · ("Copy letter from J.W. Gordon, Horse Guards, about the formation of the 6 companies of the Royal African Corps, 'now stationed in the West Indies' into a separate corps called the West India Rangers, 10 November 1806."



Quinine

was the first effective western treatment for malaria

Responsible Government

gov is responsible to parliament. UK is a constitutional monarchy, means that the power of the nobility is limited due to parliament

Johann Blumenbach

German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist. He was one of the first to explore the study of mankind as an aspect of natural history.


David Syme's The Age

Scottish-Australian newspaper proprietor of The Age and regarded as the "father of protectionism"

Maori

the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand

Treaty of Waitangi (1840)

established a British Governor of New Zealand, recognised Māori ownership of their lands and other properties, and gave the Māori the rights of British subjects.


Family Compact

the epithet applied by their opponents to a small closed group of men who exercised most of the political, economic and judicial power in Upper Canada (modern Ontario) from the 1810s to the 1840s.


Chateau Clique

a group of wealthy families in Lower Canada in the early 19th century.


William McKenzie and Louis Joseph Papineau

criticisms centered on a group that was known as the Family Compact. Called for the independence of Upper Canada.

United Province of Canada

Act of Union 1840, passed July 23, 1840, by the British Parliament and proclaimed by the Crown on February 10, 1841, merged the two Colonies by abolishing the Parliaments of Upper and Lower Canada and replacing them with a single one with two houses, a Legislative Council as the upper chamber and the Legislative Assembly as the lower chamber.


Eugenics

social movement claiming to improve the genetic features of human populations through selective breeding and sterilization, based on the idea that it is possible to distinguish between superior and inferior elements of society


Charles Lyell and Principles of Geology

being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation is a book by the Scottish geologist Charles Lyell, used geological proof to determine that the Earth was older than 6,000 years


Charles Darwin

best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory, natural selection, and Darwinism.


Frank Boas

a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology"


Household dependents

victorian middle class male identity, "dependents" give a man a status, the success of a home and its financial stability, More dependents, bigger house, higher social status

Public Schools

1860-onward, 30 new public schools added, now there around 35-40 public schools so they are pretty elite. Mark of status for middle class people to be able to send their kids to school


Rugby

public school, very prestigious, kids beat each other up, inventors of the sport rugby.


Thomas Arnold

headmaster at rugby

Morant Bay Rebellion (1865)

in Jamaica, since abolition of slavery, they have been in economic decline. 350 blacks vs 18000 whites. Hope the whites win. Killed 400 nonwhites, and 1000 homes of the non whites were burned

Thomas Carlyle

said that primary social relationships are between master and servant

John Stuart Mill

a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory and political economy. He has been called "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century"


Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849)

The essay was the spark of a debate between Carlyle and John Stuart Mill. It was about the acceptability of using black slaves and indentured servants.


Crystal Palace Speech

speech by Benjamin Disraeli, describes how his political party feels about the empire.


Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War.

Benjamin Disraeli

a British Conservative politician and writer, who twice served as Prime Minister. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone


Household Words

English weekly magazine edited by Charles Dickens in the 1850s

Victoria and Albert Museum

the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert

Patent Act of 1852

under the influence of the ascendant economic philosophy of free trade economics in England, the patent law began to be criticized in the 1850s as obstruction research and benefiting the few at the expense of public goods

diggers

a group of protestant radicals, sometimes seen as forerunners to modern anarchism

Catholic Association (1823)

grassroots movement started in the heart of Ireland that would include everyone, not just upper class and wanted this to help benefit Catholics. Pre cursor to establishing an Irish-Catholic political party. After an MP dies County Clare wins, but because of penal laws, he can't take his seat(he's catholic).