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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Kant's decontology claim
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Only thing that is good w/o limitation or qualification is a good will.
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Explain the decontology claim
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Any good talents, qualities of temperament, gifts of fortune are desirable purposes but can be evil if will is not for the good.
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example of talent
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judgement
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example of qualities of temperament
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courage
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example of gifts of fortune
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power
happiness |
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What is a good will?
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Something that is performed for the good in itself, even if outcome doesn't turn out to be the way it was originally desired.
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What does Kant say about purpose?
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Purpose is to influence the will. And it is necessary to produce a good will itself.
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What does kant say about self-preservation, welfare, and happiness?
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Humans are based on reason. If welfare and happiness is for the result then nature is bad.
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Define duty of Kantian
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won't do it due to how will look or will benefit self, does it b/c from duty
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from duty?
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respect to law
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example of duty (Jones)
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Shopkeeper Jones doesn't wanna cheat customers b/c bad for business thus, sensible reasons.
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Jones is what kind of duty?
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Conformity with duty
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example of duty (Smith)
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He knows morality and doesn't due to the fact his principles are based on morals and honesty.
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Smith is what kind of duty?
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Acts in conformity and also from duty
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3 propositions of morality
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1. actions from duty have moral worth
2. An action from duty has moral worth not for purpose but for maxim in which it is decided upon. 3. duty necessary to show respect for law. |
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define maxim
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subjuctive principle of decision; which underlines your actoin in a particular case.
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maxim has the form
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do x in order to y
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what does "x" mean
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what u take yourself to be doing (means act-description)
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what does "y" mean
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means an end (goal, a purpose)
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Good Will
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Acts from respect to law not effects
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What sort of law makes no reference to effects?
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Only a law that requires conformity to universal law.
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Example of the reference effects
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I ought to NEVER act in a way where my decision will become a universal law.
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Right Question
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can my law be in anyone else's principle??
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Wrong Question (1)
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Should everyone do what i do?
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Wrong question (2)
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Do i want everyone to act this way or this law in their repertoire?
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What is the golden rule?
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Treat people the way you want to be treated
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Kant's side of the golden rule
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Desire doesn't play role in golden rule, thus opposing it.
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what are imperatives?
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ought statements
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2 types of imperatives
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hypothetical
categorical |
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Hypothetical imperative
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the necessity of a possible action as to achieve something that one desires.
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categorical imperative
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represents an action as necessary in itself w/o reference to another end.
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example of hypothetical why?
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if you want to go to the hill u ought to cross broadway. command is conditional
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if the action is represented as a means to something else then
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hypothetical
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if the action is represented as good in itself then
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categorical
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necessity of hypothetical
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knowing the condition
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necessity of conformity
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no limiting condition except conformity w/ law itself
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Formula of Universal Law
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Act only in accordance with the rule which you can
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Formula of Humanity
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always treat humanity as always at the same time as an end never merely as means
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formula of autonomy
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every rational being as a universal law (the bridge)
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formula of the kingdom of ends
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rational beings are at once the makers and subjects of all laws.
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2 ways for formula of universal law to fail!
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-contradiction in conception
-contradiction in will |
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contradiction in conception
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if everyone performed a certain action then it would impossible to make a law to make action illegal.
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example of contradiction in conception
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if everyone made false promising to get $$ then can't make it a law
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contradiction in will
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where the will of a person contradicts what the universalization of the rule implies
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contradiction in conception is what kind of duty?
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perfect duty
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contradition in will is what kind of duty?
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imperfect duty
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Perfect Duties
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no disgression about fulfilling
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example of perfect duty
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no lying period
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imperfect duties
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do it cuz of duty no wantings
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example of imperfect duties
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fulfilled in countless ways
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perfect duty to oneself
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duty against suicide
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perfect duty to others
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duty against false promising
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imperfect duty oneself
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duty to develop one's talents
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imperfect duty to others
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duty of being good
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Universal Law includes:
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contradiction in conception
contradiction in will imperfect duty perfect duty |
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example of formula of humanity
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utilize people for jobs not as a "tool"
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example of formula of autonomy
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bridges humanity and kingdom of ends
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Objections to Kantian Ethics
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Doomsday
Murderer at the door timing maxims animal rights impossibility of adopting motives |
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doomsday
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world is about to end and only way u can survive is by tellin a false promise
Morally permissible to lie but obligatory to do so MODIFY OR REJECT IT |
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the murderer at the door
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man w/ axe asks if john is in your house and wants to kill him. John IS in the house. "no" = lying impermissible to lie
MODIFY OR REJECT IT |
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the murderer at the door (2)
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if "yes" will to lead to ends. SO OK to lie
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Doomsday + The murdere at the door
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Rule-Worship Objection
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Timing Maxims
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Planning things around others
Morally permissible Kant's theory might rule them out Ends can be MET |
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Animal rights
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only rational beings have intrinsic worth
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If merely obligated
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can be motivated
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it can't be motivated
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can't be obligated
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kant =
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moral rationalists
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non rational beings vs humans
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both wrong
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kant non rational being
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no wrong
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switch problem
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kill person in rail = yes permissible (morally)
kill fat person = no obligatory/perimissible=wrong not use person as tools |
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maxum of benevolence
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never give aid to anyone (fails)
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holy will
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law of nature
governed by duty |
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example of law of nature
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our will should be governed by duty as our holy will is governed by duty
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Hume
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reason can't tell preferences , preferences what ought to follow
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Plaido
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ring of gyes (turn person wearin = invisible)
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opinion on spying?
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spying is wrong!!! (contradiction and conception based)
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irrational to be bad?
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kant believes so!
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Moral rationalism
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is there a reason to do it?
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Motivational judgement internalism
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if judging something to be morally obligation have some motivation to do it
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motivational existance internalism
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if have reason to do somethin motivation to do it
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Kants belief on motives
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not everything
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