Ethics In Qualitative Research

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Ethics in research is

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the moral dimension, governing what defines the 'right' techniques and approaches in the conduct of research

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What ensures ethical practice in qualitiative research?

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Credibility and Authenticity

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Credibility involves:

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1. Intellectual rigour

2. Professional integrity

3. Methodological competence

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Why be ethical in qualitative research?

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Because it builds trust towards how the study was conducted and how data was collected and treated in the study

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What are some areas of main consideration in conducting research deemed ethical:

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1. Protection of participants from harm

2. Participants' right to anonymity and privacy

3. Informed consent

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Ethics in qualitative research

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relies more on the researchers' own ethical stance, though it may be guided by established guidelines, policies and codes of ethics

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Ethical issues in qualitative research are most likely to emerge during

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1. collection of data

2. dissemination of findings

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Ethical issues are magnified when

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multiple parties are involved in the research as conflicts of interest may arise

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What are THREE main ethical issues in data collection?

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1. Possible risk of invasion of privacy during data collection

2. Long-term effects of in-depth interviews

3. In observational studies - privacy concerns related to the observation of certain behaviors

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How does the risk of invasion of privacy usually play out during interviews/data collection?

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1. Participants feel uncomfortable with the topic being discussed or questions being posed

2. Embarrassment as a result of divulging information or accounts meant to be private

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What do we mean by "long term effects of in depth interviews"?

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Residual effects of disclosing incidents deemed humiliating or distressing

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What is the nature of ethical issues involved in observation?

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Privacy concerns related to the observation of certain behaviors.

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How do we deal with possible participant discomfort during interview/data collection?

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1. Make clear what the interview was about, i.e. topic of discussion.

2. Make clear extent of researcher involvement in the study (esp. for observations)

3. Allow for withdrawal without prejudice

4. Allow the option of opting out of the recording

5. Provide contacts for support and necessary assistance whenever possible

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How many items are on the ethical issues checklist?

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10

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What are the TEN items on the Ethical Issues Checklist?

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1. EXPLAIN PURPOSE OF STUDY AND METHODS USED

2. PROMISES AND RECIPROCITY

3. RISK ASSESSMENT

4. CONFIDENTIALITY

5. INFORMED CONSENT

6. DATA ACCESS AND OWNERSHIP

7. INTERVIEWER MENTAL HEALTH

8. ADVICE

9. DATA COLLECTION BOUNDARIES

10. ETHICAL VS. LEGAL CONDUCT

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How does one explain the purpose of study and methods?

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Provide information on this upfront - what is the study about and how will the study be conducted?

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How are promises and reciprocity dealt with?

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Ask oneself if the participant should be expecting any compensation for participation and what they stand to gain from taking part in this study and if there are any conflicts of interest.

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How is risk assessment done?

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Ask: what forseeable risks are there in taking part in this study?

Minimal risks should not extend beyond fatigue.

Could it be something potentially upsetting?

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How is confidentiality dealt with?

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Ask: How will interviewee anonymity be protected?

Use pseudonyms and blank out identifying information during the transcription process.

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How is informed consent dealth with?

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1. Ask: How will participants indicate explicitly their willingness to take part in the study?

2. Ensure participants acknowledge and understand the study in its entirety and signs off the form before the study begins

3. Terms and conditions - clarify rights to the interviewee

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How is data access and ownership dealt with?

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1. Ask: Who has accesss to data collected?

2. Ask: Who 'owns' the data (retains rights to use the data)

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How is interviewer mental health taken into account?

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1. Ask: Does the interviewer/researcher have any pre-existing mental health conditions which may influence the interview?

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How is advice dealt with?

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1. Ask: Which body/institution/individual approves of this study?

2. Ask: When was the study approved by the reviewing body?

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How are data collection boundaries dealt with?

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1. Ask: What types of information/sources of data can or cannot be collected by the researcher?

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How is ethical vs. legal conduct dealt with?

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1. Ask: What policies govern release of information to parties outside of the research team?

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What are FOUR COMPLEX ETHICAL ISSUES?

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1. Consent to observational research

2. Whether there can be 'appropriate deception'

3. Paying participants

4. Unintended consequences

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The need for consent for observational research

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is dependent on the nature of the research topic and may not be necessary

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What defines 'appropriate deception' depends largely on

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what the participants are being deceived on

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Two things to avoid in deception are

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1. Avoid influencing participants' natural responses

2. Avoid confusing participants through the use of specific scientific terms

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Deception should NEVER be used to

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deceived participants about the study's procedures and what is expected of them

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BLANK is required whenever deception is employed

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DEBRIEF

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Payment becomes unethical if it

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tempts participants to participate against their initial judgement

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A way to deal with the complex issue of paying participants is to

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avoid advertising payment or omit details of payment involved altogether

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Adhering to ethical standards may sometimes result in

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unintended revelation of confidential information. For example, excepts selected were easily matched with a specific respondent

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Dissemination of research findings can result in unintended

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revelation of confidential information

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What are SIX questions for researchers to ask as a FINAL CHECK?

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1. What am I expecting participants to do?

2. How will I explain my research to participants?

3. What will happen to my data?

4. How can I ensure confidentiality and anonymity?

5. How can I make my study harm-free?

6. Have I satisfied by accountability to the relevant parties of this research?

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When do ethical issues typically surface in research?

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1. While collecting data

2. While disseminating data

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What are THREE most salient issues from the Ethical Issues Checklist?

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1. Confidentiality

2. Risk Assessment

3. Data Access and Ownership