Ethics Final Exam

Front 1

Who makes the distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives?

Back 1

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 2

In the phrase "a big flea," big is which type of adjective?

Back 2

attributive

Front 3

In the phrase, "the red shoes," red is which type of adjective?

Back 3

predicative

Front 4

Attributive adjective

Back 4

does not split up logically (ex: That is a fast snail does NOT = That is fast; That is a snail)

Front 5

Adjective that does not split up logically (ex: That is a fast snail does NOT = That is fast; That is a snail)

Back 5

Attributive

Front 6

Predicative adjective

Back 6

can split up logically (ex: The dress is silk DOES = Is a dress; Is silk)

Front 7

According to Geach, what kind of adjective is "good"?

Back 7

attributive- it is the function of the particular thing (there is a good for fish that is not a good for other things)

Front 8

Give and define Peter Geach's two types of adjectives in his "Good and Evil." Which kind of adjective is "good," according to Geach?

Back 8

Predicative: can split up logically
Attributive: cannot split up logically; the adjective is relative to the subject

Geach says "good" is attributive because it depends on the subject

Front 9

Who said, "good and bad are always attributive"?

Back 9

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 10

Who said, "whatever holds true of an A as such holds true of a good A"?

Back 10

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 11

What type of adjective is an alienans adjective?

Back 11

Attributive- changes the nature of the subject (a forged banknote is not a banknote)

Front 12

Who said, "Even when 'good' or 'bad' stands by itself as a predicate, and is thus grammatically predicative, some substantive has to be understood; there is no such thing as being just good or bad, there is only being a good or bad so-and-so"?

Back 12

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 13

Who said, "It is mere prejudice to think that either all things called 'good' must satisfy some one conclusion, or the term 'good' is hopelessly ambiguous"?

Back 13

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 14

Who discusses the Naturalistic Fallacy?

Back 14

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 15

Who said, "I conclude that objectivism is the only pretense way out of the Naturalistic Fallacy: it does not really give account of how the 'good' differs in its logic from other terms, but only darkens counsel by words without knowledge"?

Back 15

P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"

Front 16

Who said, "The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue."

Back 16

Aristotle

Front 17

Who said, "...so good must have commendatory not, descriptive force."

What does this mean?

Back 17

Geach

good describes worth, not qualities

Front 18

"He who saves a fellow creature from drowining does what is morally right, whether his motive be duty or th hope of being paid for his trouble..."

Back 18

Mill

Front 19

It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world, or indeed even beyond it, that could be considered good without limitation except a good will."

Back 19

Kant

Front 20

"The will is thought as a capacity to determine itself to acting in coformity with the representation of certian laws. And such capacity can only be found in rational beings."

Back 20

Kant

Front 21

Utilitarianism

Back 21

actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness, worng as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness"

Front 22

What is happiness according to Mill?

Back 22

pleasure and the absence of pain

Front 23

Mill argues that ____ is the sole basis of morality, and that people never desire anything but [it].

Back 23

happiness

Front 24

Who seeks to find "the criterion of right and wrong"?

Back 24

Mill

Front 25

What does Mill see as the only desirable ends?

Back 25

pleasure and freedom from pain

Front 26

Who sees pleasure and freedom from pain as the only desirable ends?

Back 26

Mill

Front 27

What is the Greatest Happiness principle?

Back 27

"Actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happinessis intended pleasure and absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure."

Front 28

What is this called? Who established this? "Actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happinessis intended pleasure and absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure."

Back 28

Greatest Happiness Principle; Mill

Front 29

Criticisms of Mill

Back 29

-It cannot account for the differences between higher and lower pleasures
-It is a godless theory
-Virtue is more important than happiness

Front 30

According to Mill, ________ is a sign that we are exercizing our higher facilities.

Back 30

happiness

Front 31

Mill says a person gets virtues in reference to_______

Back 31

consequences

Front 32

Mill says a person gets _______ in reference to consequences

Back 32

virtues

Front 33

Why does Mill argue Justice to be valuable?

Back 33

It is socially useful

Front 34

How does Mill differentiate between higher and lower pleasures?

Back 34

Mill delineates how to differentiate between higher- and lower-quality pleasures: A pleasure is of higher quality if people would choose it over a different pleasure even if it is accompanied by discomfort, and if they would not trade it for a greater amount of the other pleasure.

Front 35

Who? What does it mean?
"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinions, it is because they only know their side of the question."

Back 35

Mill

the people best qualified to judge a pleasure's quality are people who have experienced both the higher and the lower; humans will always choose highest pleasures

Front 36

Does the utilitarian standard refer to the individual or society

Back 36

society

Front 37

How does Mill refute the claim that Utilitarianism is a Godless theory?

Back 37

God is a utilitarian

Front 38

According to Mill the goodness of sacrifie is based on the goodness of________.

Back 38

result

Front 39

What does Mill find to be the greatest sources of unhappiness?

Back 39

selfishness and a lack of mental cultivation

Front 40

Is Utilitarianism concerned with motives or results?

Back 40

results

Front 41

Which sanctions are more powerful, internal or external?

Back 41

internal

Front 42

According to Mill, what is the only proof that something is desirable?

Back 42

that people actually desire it

Front 43

If you can tell a lie and more people are positively affected, do it

Back 43

Mill

Front 44

According to Mill, why am I bound to promote general happiness?

Back 44

- the improvment of education
(we're teaching you to believe that way)
-we will sanction you(external)
-internal sanction- you will feel pleasure at maximizing pleasure for others

Front 45

Why does Mill consider God to be Utiltarian?

Back 45

He is concerned with the greatest happiness of society

Front 46

(Mill) If a law is just, but has negative consequences...

Back 46

change the law

Front 47

(Mill)In response to the criticism that the most virtuous people have been martyrs who gave up their happiness,

Back 47

that martyrdom is only valuable because they sacrificed their own happiness for the general good.

Front 48

Which of the following actions would Mill judge as morally the best?
(A) Saving a person from drowning out of a sense of moral duty.
(B) Saving a person from drowning out of a desire for celebrity.
(C) Saving a person from drowning out of a desire for reward money.
(D) All three actions are equally good.

Back 48

(D) All three actions are equally good.

Front 49

If a person would have to lie in order to save somebody's life, Mill would argue that

Back 49

she should lie, because the utility of saving a life outweighs the claims of justice's.

Front 50

Which of the following does Mill say is a common meaning of the term justice?
(A) Receiving what one deserves.
(B) Not violating agreements.
(C) Not showing preferences inappropriately.
(D) All of the above.

Back 50

(D) All of the above.

Front 51

Mill argues that the foundation of rights is

Back 51

utility

Front 52

According to Kant, when are actions moral?

Back 52

actions are moral if and only if they are undertaken for the sake of morality alone (without any ulterior motive).

Front 53

According to Kant, is morality based on motives or consequences?

Back 53

motives

Front 54

According to Kant, actions are morak only if not in respect to...

Back 54

the moral law

Front 55

Moral philosophy; the study of how things ought to happen

Back 55

ethics

Front 56

a priori

Back 56

(pure) concepts that occur to us independent of any experience or perception (at first glance)

Front 57

a posteriori

Back 57

(empirical) ideas we derive from our experience in the world (after investigation)

Front 58

analytic proposition

Back 58

the subject contains the predicate

Front 59

synthetic proposition

Back 59

the predicate requires information outside of the subject

Front 60

type of proposition: All bachelors are male

Back 60

analytic a priori

Front 61

type of proposition: A triangle is a 3-sided figure

Back 61

analytic a priori

Front 62

type of proposition: The bus driver has a beard

Back 62

synthetic a posteriori

Front 63

According to Kant, what is the one thing that is unambiguously good?

Back 63

a good will (all other things can be used for bad purposes)

Front 64

(Kant) what is a maxim

Back 64

motivating principle

Front 65

According to Kant, duties are

Back 65

specific obligation of a good will

Front 66

Kant's 3 formulations of the categorical imperative

Back 66

- Do only what you would will to be a universal law
-Treat all humans as ends
-Consider yourself as a citizen in the kingdom of ends

Front 67

First formulation of the categorical imperative

Back 67

act in a way that we should want the maxim of our action to become a universal law

Front 68

What does the first categorical imperative say about false promises?

Back 68

If everyone gave false promises, promises would not exist

Front 69

kingdom of ends

Back 69

a legal community in which all rational beings are at once the makers and subjects of all laws.

Front 70

In heteronomy, how is the will determined?

Back 70

By something outside ourselves

Front 71

In autonomy, how is the will determined?

Back 71

When we follow the categorical imperative and chose maxims that could be universal laws, we are in a state of "autonomy"; we use reason to determine our own law for ourselves. In other words, we are free.

Front 72

Who: Thus freedom of the will may be neither proven nor disproven. All that we may know is that we have a concept of freedom of the will, and that morality may be based on this concept.

Back 72

Kant

Front 73

the study of how things happen in the world of material objects.

Back 73

Physics

Front 74

the study of how things ought to happen in the world of human beings.

Back 74

Ethics

Front 75

the study of pure thought, independent of any objects.

Back 75

Logic

Front 76

Who: Actions are not truly moral if they only appear to conform to moral law but lack a moral motivation.

Back 76

Kant

Front 77

Reason's function according to Kant

Back 77

to bring about a will that is good in itself, as opposed to good for some particular purpose, such as the attainment of happiness.

Front 78

Hypothetical imperatives

Back 78

command that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose, such as the attainment of personal happiness

Front 79

Categorical imperatives

Back 79

command that some action is necessary in and of itself

Front 80

Hypothetical or Categorical: If you want to stop global warming, change your light bulbs.

Back 80

Hypothetical ('if you want') done for an end other than duty

Front 81

4 examples of how common notions of duty conform to the categorical imperative

Back 81

1. suicide
2. borrowing on false promises
3. talents rusting
4. deny welfare, assistance to people

Front 82

Why must pure moral principles be grasped a priori?

Back 82

We cannot base moral principles on experience bc we have not seen or experienced everything

Front 83

3 formulations of the principle of morality/ categorical imperative

Back 83

1. act such that your maxim could become a universal law
2. act such that all rational beings are ends in themselves
3. act such that your maxim could be a law in the kingdom of ends

Front 84

independent will

Back 84

autonomy

Front 85

will depending on external factors

Back 85

heteronomy

Front 86

Perfect Duties

Back 86

always contradict; ex: lying, borrowing on false promises, theft, suicide

Front 87

Imperfect Duties

Back 87

require practical judgement; ex: laziness, charity