Ethics Exam 1

Front 1

Rationalism

Back 1

universal truths; can be known through reasoning; acknowledges feelings and perceptions differ b/w individuals

Front 2

Naturalism

Back 2

matter of feeling; most ppl have similar underlying psychological tendencies; sympathy-motivating factor

Front 3

Utilitarianism

Back 3

action good or bad based on outcome; basis is naturalism; right action is that which has greatest usefulness

Front 4

Act-utilitarianism

Back 4

ppl choose action that in any given circumstance increases overall good

Front 5

Rule-utilitarianism

Back 5

ppl choose rules that, when followed consistently, increases overall good; ex. policy level decisions

Front 6

Deontology

Back 6

based upon rightness or wrongs of act; rather than its consequences; aka Kantianism; moral rules are absolute and apply to all ppl

Front 7

Categorical imperative

Back 7

moral rules do not admit exceptions; act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become universal law

Front 8

Practical imperative

Back 8

act so that you treat humanity always as an end and never as a means only

Front 9

Professional codes of ethics based on Kant

Back 9

stress importance of fulfilling duties that are owed to patients and preserving the dignity and autonomy of each individual patient

Front 10

Virtue ethics

Back 10

individuals' actions are based on a certain degree of innate moral virtue; morality rests on the character of persons

Front 11

Moral virtue

Back 11

character trait that is morally valued, such as kindness and honesty

Front 12

Four Focal Virtues

Back 12

Compassion, Discernment, Trustworthiness, Integrity

Front 13

Compassion

Back 13

Golden Rule; must be careful it does not impede our ability to make objective decisions

Front 14

Discernment

Back 14

wisdom; insight involving judgment and understanding

Front 15

Trustworthiness

Back 15

consistency and predictability in following moral norms

Front 16

Integrity

Back 16

soundness, reliability, and wholeness

Front 17

Principle of Veracity

Back 17

truth telling; violating this principle shows a lack of respect

Front 18

Distributive justice

Back 18

within healthcare ethics, application of this focuses on distribution of goods and services

Front 19

Libertarian distributive justice

Back 19

each according to that person's rights

Front 20

Fidelity

Back 20

faithfulness and promise keeping; loyalty

Front 21

Harm Principle (limit of confidentiality)

Back 21

forseeable harm to an innocent other; ex. syphillis premarital testing

Front 22

Vulnerability principle

Back 22

duty to protect others from harm when vulnerable individuals have a relative inability to protect themselves; ex. child abuse

Front 23

Values

Back 23

ideals, beliefs, customs, modes of conduct, qualities, or goals that are highly prized or preferred by individuals, groups, or society

Front 24

Learned in conscious and unconscious ways

Back 24

values

Front 25

moral thought

Back 25

individual cognitive evaluation of right and wrong

Front 26

moral values

Back 26

preferences or dispositions reflective or right or wrong; should or should not

Front 27

Patient Self Determination ACT

Back 27

may help prevent deleterious consequences related to not addressing differences in values b/w patients and providers

Front 28

Decision making

Back 28

values often enter into our decision making in less than conscious ways

Front 29

Values clarification

Back 29

process of becoming more conscious of and naming what we value; promotes closer fit b/w our words and actions

Front 30

Moral distress

Back 30

reaction to situation in which there are moral problems that seem to have clear solutions, yet we are unable to follow our moral beliefs because of external restraints; anger, frustration, dissatisfaction, poor performance in work setting; "burned out"

Front 31

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Back 31

3 Levels, 6 stages; 2 stages each; progression in moral reasoning

Front 32

Gilligan's Ethic of Care Model

Back 32

women are the only ones who start out in care perspective; 3 phases-concern for survival, focusing on goodness, imperative of care

Front 33

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Back 33

Sensorimotor-birth to 2 years; pre operational-2-7 years; concrete operations-7-11 years; formal operations-11-15 years

Front 34

Fowler's Stages of Faith Development

Back 34

6 stages-intuitive project, mythic-literal, synthetic-conventional, individual-reflective; conjunctive, universalizing

Front 35

Problem

Back 35

discrepancy b/w current and desired state; unplanned and unexpected

Front 36

Routine problem

Back 36

little moral focus; focus is on preference, economy, and efficiency

Front 37

Moral problem

Back 37

defy easy solutions; decisions are irreversible

Front 38

Moral uncertainty

Back 38

we sense there is a moral problem, but can't quite figure out what it is; unsure of which moral principles apply

Front 39

Dilemma

Back 39

defies satisfactory solution; requires choice b/w 2 options that are equally unfavorable; no evidence is conclusive (promiscuous patient with AIDS)

Front 40

Practical dilemma

Back 40

situations that present themselves in which moral claims compete with nonmoral claims; nonmoral-claims of self interest

Front 41

Moral distress

Back 41

nurse feels responsibility to patient; "powerful impediment to nursing practice"; may cause nurse to act in a manner that violates personal beliefs or values

Front 42

Moral outrage

Back 42

someone else in health care setting performs an act the nurse believes to be immoral; nurses do not participate in act; do not feel responsible; feel powerful to prevent act

Front 43

Moral reckoning

Back 43

moral distress and moral outrage are components of larger process of moral reckoning; 3 stage process-ease, resolution, reflection

Front 44

Ethical Decision Making Process

Back 44

Articulate problem, gather data and ID conflicting claims, explore strategies (must have at least 2), implement chosen strategy, evaluate outcomes

Front 45

Attributes of effective decision maker

Back 45

possesses moral integrity; sensitive, compassionate, caring; sense of responsibility; feels empowered; patient; willing to deliberate

Front 46

Attributes of a profession

Back 46

expertise, accountability, systematic theory, Code of Ethics, professional culture, service orientation, competence testing, licensure, high income, credentialing, scope and standards of practice, autonomy, authority

Front 47

Nurse Practice Act

Back 47

protects public, defines nursing practice, describes boundaries of practice, establishes standards for nurses, and protects domain of nursing; form of nursing standard