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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
P=regulate blood pressure
V=regulate blood volue C=controle composition of blood PVC |
3 basic homeostatic mechanisms of the urinary system
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1. routine/random
2. clean catch midstream 3. sterile |
3 types of urine sample
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The amount of urine a body should produce every 24 hours
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1500 ml (800 - 1200 ml)
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to tell the kidneys to reabsorb more H2O:
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ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
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Needs to be administer slowly; retain solution for 5-10 minutes for cleansing, 30 minutes for a retention:
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enema
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Age child should have full urinary control of their bladder
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3-4 years
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An adult receiving a cleansing enema should receive how much fluid
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1000 ml
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absence of urine; <100mL/day
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Anuria
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Stop the flow for a few minutes when the client complains of cramping
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Appropriate in the administration of an enema
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Basic unit of the renal system is the
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nephron
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Blood in the urine is called
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hematuria
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Blood tests for renal funcitons are used to evaluate:
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how well the kidneys are working
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Diet high in fiber, fluid intake 2500-3000ml day, increases exercise, provide privacy- management of
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Bowel training program
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Capacity of bladder:
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600ml
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Given to expel flatus:
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Carminative enema
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Drugs that induce defecation
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Cathartics
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Certain types of fluids such as alcohol increase fluid output by inhibiting the production of
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anti-diurietic hormone
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Caffeine products such as coffee, tea & cola drinks also increase _________ production.
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urine
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CCMS checks for
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bacteria
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Cleaning around the urethral orifice regularly helps prevent
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infection
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Given primarily to prevent escape of feces during surgery, prepares intesting for diagnostic testing, or to remove fecal impactions:
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cleansing enema
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Will weaken the bowels natural responses, resulting in chronic constipation:
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continual use of laxatives
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Lower UTI; inflammation of bladder; more common in women or ppl with diabetes
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Cystitis
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Inflammation of the urinary bladder
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cystitis
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Endoscopic test; used for biopsy, removal of calculi, measures bladder capacity, stent placement top complications are 1) infection 2) perforation 3) hematuria
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cystoscopy
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Condition that results in insufficient ADH and a lot of urination
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Diabetes insipidus
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Blood BUN (blood, urea, nitrogen), creatinine level, electrolytes (salt & potassium) and radiologic:
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diagnositc tests for urinary systems
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Encourage fluids, bland foods, increase foods with soluble fiber, oatmeal, skinless fruits, and potatoes when you are having this elimination problem:
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diarrhea
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Difficult painful voiding is called
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Dysuria
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Discomfort in the pubic area and either an inability to void or frequent voiding of small volumes are clinical signs of
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retention
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Diseases of the kidney may affect the ability of the nephrons to produce
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urine
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Abnormal amounts of protein or blood cells may be present in the urine or kidneys may stop producing urine altogether, a condition known as
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renal failure
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Condition of producing a lot of fluid
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diuresis
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Increases urine formation by preventing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the tubules of the kidney into the bloodstream. Commonly prescribed for hypertension and cardiac disease:
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Diuretics
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Painful or difficulty voiding
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Dysuria
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Solution introduced into the rectum and large intestine to distend the intestine and irritate the intestinal mucosa:
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Enema
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Involuntary urination in children beyond the age when voluntary control is normal; causes - family hx of , difficult access to toilet facilities or home stresses:
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enuresis
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Glycoprotein hormone secreted by kidneys to stimulate RBC production when hypoxia is sensed:
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Erythropoietin
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Sphincter normally under voluntary control:
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External sphincter
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Disease, age, meds, foods, social/cultural factors, surgery, social/cultural issues; these factors affect
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urination
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Fetus begins to excrete urine between __________ weeks of development.
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11th and 12th
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Fluids and foods high in sodium can cause fluid retention as water is _______ to maintain the normal concentration of electrolytes.
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retained
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Common disturbance of urine elimination; voiding at frequent intervals; more often than normal.
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frequency
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These will cause the colonic movement to cease or slow down by blocking parasympathetic stimulation to the muscles of the colon:
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general anesththetics
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Inflammation of kidney; more frequent in children who have had a recent case of strep throat; MOST COMMON KIDNEY DISEASE
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glomerulonephritis
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This is important to maintain the stretch and contractibility of the detrusor muscle so the bladder can fill adeqately and empty completely:
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good muscle tone
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Assists in the bladder emptying
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abdominal muscle contraction
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Greatest hazard when insufficient water is taken with bulk-producing laxatives containing fibers, seeds, granules is that the drug may obstruct the
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esophagus
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During this, the container is held high above the rectum no higher than 18"
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high enema
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How long are the large intestine in an adult?
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125-150cm (50-60 in)
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How much fluid does a normal adult require in 24 hours?
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2600 ml
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H2O accumulates in kidney; urine flow is obstructed and backs up into the kidney; can happen during pregnancy:
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hydronephritis
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Solutions used in disposable enemas are
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Hypertonic
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Fleets enema are what type of solution?
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hypertonic
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Fleets enema adverse effect
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retention of sodium
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Tap water is what type of solution?
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hypotonic
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Tap water enema lowers osmotic pressure could have fluid and electrolyte _________ on the person.
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imbalance
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If a client is put onto a cold bedpan, the client will not defecate because the ________ sphincter muscle contracts.
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External
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Involunary, unpredictable passage of urine
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functional incontinence
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Impaired neurologic function can interfere with the normal mechanisms of urine
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neurogenic bladder
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Involuntary loss of urine occurring at somewhat predictable interval when a specific bladder
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reflex incontinence
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One experiences a loss of urine of less than 50 ml occurring with increased abdominal pressure ex: sneezing, coughing, laughing, lifting
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stress incontinence
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State of which one experiences a continuous and unpredictable loss of urine
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total incontinence
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Involuntary passage of urine occurring soon after a strong sense of urgency to void
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urge incontinence
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Increase in this means urine is more concentrated which may indicate fluid deficit/dehydration; excess solutes such as glucose in the urine
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increased specific gravity
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Measures accurate urinary output for critically ill patients
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indwelling catheter
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Irrigating a Foley with NS helps prevent
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drainage obstruction
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IV radio-opaque dye and series of x-rays of the kidneys
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intravenous pylogram
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These are caused by dehydration, infection, diet, urinary stasis:
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kidney stones/calculi
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Kidneys double in size between ages
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5 and 10
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Kidneys reach maturity between
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1st and 2nd year of life
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder x-ray
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KUB
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Solution no higher than 12" above the rectum:
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low enema
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Monitor fluid intake, positioning head of bed elevated to Fowlers position; these measures promote:
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normal voiding habits
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Anticholinergic, antispasmodics, atropine, belladonna, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, antihypertensives; these medications cause:
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Medications that cause urinary retention
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Impared neurologic function can interfere with the normal mechanisms of urine elimination
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neurogenic bladder
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Voiding 2 or more times at night
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Nocturia
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Introduces oil into the rectum and sigmoid colon, softens feces and lubricates the rectum
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Oil retention enema
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Constipation is a big problem and need to increase water and fiber in diet; kidney function diminishes, nephrons decrease impairing filter abilities in this population:
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older adults
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Low amount of urine: 100-400ml/day
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oliguria
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Usually lasts 24-48 hours and is caused by direct handling of the intestines which temporarily ceases the intestinal movement:
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Paralytic ileus
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hereditary fluid filled sacs/cysts; treatement includes controlling BP
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Polycystic kidney
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Kidney function reaches maturity between
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1st and 2nd year
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Are able to hold urine beyone the urge to void
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18-24 months
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A = amount
C = clarity C = color C= concentration O= odor P= pH S=STERILE G=glucose K= ketone P=protein |
A= 1 1/2 - 2 l/day
C= clear C= straw, yellow, amber C= 1.005 - 1.030 O= slightly aromatic P= 4.8-8 (6 is normal) S= STERILE G= no K=no P=no |
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Pt.s who have nausea, cramps, colic, vomiting, or undiagnosed abdominal pain are not recommended to use
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cathartics
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Bacterial infection that can either start in the bladder and work up or can enter thru the bloodstream:
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pylonephritis
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Length of the average adult rectum:
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10-15 cm (4-6 in)
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Limit carbonated beverages, chewing gum, drinking with straws, cabbage, beans, and onions:
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reduce flatulence
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Involuntary loss of urine occurring at somewhat predictable intervals when a specific bladder volume is reached:
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Reflex
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Catheter inserted to femoral artery and ran to renal artery; successive x-rays are taken; assess blood flow to distant too insertion site after procedure and apply pressure to site; diagnostic test to measure profusion of kidneys:
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Renal arteriogram
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Used to detect renal disease, malignancy and trasnplant status; percutaneous--aided by US thru skin; incisional--surgical incision
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renal biopsy
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Secreated by kidneys when BP is too low to increase vasoconstriction and reaise BP
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renin
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Uses cystoscopy to complete an IVP; Dr. puts catheters into ureters and injects dye to assess kidney and ureter funciton
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retro-grade pylogram
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Serious consequence for the client whose urinary output falls below _____ ml/hr - damage to kidneys:
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10
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Voiding small amount frequently, bladder retention, restlessness, NOT hematuria:
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signs of urinary retention
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Specific gravity of urine is 1.035 means
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the urine is concentrated
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Spinal cord injuries and head injuries can decrease the sensory stimulation for
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defecation
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The adult urinary bladder holds __________ of urine before the micturation reflex is initiated.
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250-450 ml
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Toddlers have some control of defecation at age
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11.5 -12 months
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Urge to void when bladder has
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150-200 ml
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Urinary output ___________ a day necessary
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1200-1500
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Emptying bladder is impaired the urine accumulates and the bladder becomes distended
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urinary retention
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