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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
rhetoric
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purposeful use of language
good rhetoric acheives goal given the context and audience |
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What does good grammat accomplish
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clear, convincing sentences
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8 Parts of Speech
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Verbs
Nouns Prepositions Pronouns adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Interjunctions |
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Verbs
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Action Verb- indicate actions
Linking Verb- express being or experiencing Auxillary Verbs (helping verbs) - adds shades of meaning |
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Linking Verbs
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express being or experiencing
be , seem , become Sensory verbs look, taste, feel, and sound |
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Auxillary Verbs
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adds shades of meaning
- ex information about time (will), ability (can), or obligation (must) |
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Nouns
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Proper Nouns
Common Nouns |
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3 Types of Common Nouns
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- Count Nouns
- Noncount Nouns - Collective Nouns |
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What is a count noun?
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noun -> common noun -> **subcategory**
- refer to places, people, things and ideas that can be counted - singular and plural forms ex concept/concepts ex car/cars |
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What is a noncount noun?
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noun -> common noun -> subcategory
things or ideas that can not be counted furniture or infomatio n |
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Collective ideas
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noun -> common noun -> subcategory
nouns that ca be either singular or plural, depending on the context ex committee |
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abstract vs concrete
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use concrete details (precievable) to balance out abstraction
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Pronouns
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replace antecedents (nouns that have already be introduced)
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Adjectives
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- commonly modify nouns and pronouns
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What questions do adjectives answer?
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- Adjectives describe nouns by answering one of these three questions: What kind is it? How many are there? Which one is it? An adjective can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause
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Articles
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- subclass of adjectives
- used before nouns - a, an, the Definite ("the") vs indefinite ("a" and "an") |
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Adverbs
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- most frequently modify verbs
- also modify adjectives and adverbs - infomation about time, manner, place, and frequency - questions answered:: When? How? Where? How often? |
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Major idea behind adverbs is that ...
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- they intensify or otherwise qualifying the meanings of those words
- provide details make sentences more vivid |
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When a short adverb such as also, never, or not interrupts, it is still an adverb, not part of the verb.
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For his birthday, Frank would also like a jar of dill pickles.
Would like = verb; also = adverb. After that dreadful casserole you made last night, Julie will never eat tuna or broccoli again. Will eat = verb; never = adverb. Despite the approaching deadline, Sheryl-Ann has not started her research essay. Has started = verb; not = adverb. |
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Prepositions
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- a word that combines with a noun/pronoun and any of its modifiers to provide additional detail
- answering:: where? when? Prepositions are the words that indicate location (location in space, time, rank, etc) |
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Prepositions generally introduce prepositional phrases
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preposition + optional modifiers + noun, pronoun, or gerund
In the crumb-filled, rumpled sheets In = preposition; the, crumb-filled, rumpled = modifiers; sheets = noun. |
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Phrasal Prepositions
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consits of more than one word
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Realize that some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions.
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Some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions. These prepositions are after, as, before, since, and until. A subordinate conjunction will have both a subject and a verb following it, forming a subordinate clause.
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what is the key in differentiating between subordinate clauses and prepostional phrases
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subject and verb are included in subordinate clauses
If you find a noun [with or without modifiers] following one of these five prepositions, then all you have is a prepositional phrase. |
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Conjunctions
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- connectors
- 4 categoriies:: coordinating, correlative, subordinating, adverbial |
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Coordinating Conjunctions
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- connects similar words or groups of words
- generally links a word to a word; phrase to a phrase or a clause to a clause 7 coordinating conjunctions |
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What are the 7 coordinating conjunctions?
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For
And Nor But Or Yet So |
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Subordinating Conjunctions
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- introduces a dependent clause
- carries specific meaning (indicate causem concessions, conition, etc) |
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Understand the difference between coordination and subordination.
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Use a coordinating conjunction when you want to give equal emphasis to two main clauses. The pattern for coordination looks like this:
main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause. Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these: main clause + Ø + subordinate clause. subordinate clause + , + main clause. |
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Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other.
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At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo.
At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo. |
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Correlative Conjunction
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- two parts with similar structures
- both...and - either... or - neither... nor - not only... but also |
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Adverbial Conjunction
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- llink independent clauses
- aka conjuntive adverbs that signal cause, condition and contrast |
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Interjections
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most commonly express surprise or dread
Oh. Wow! |