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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In order to remain safe, you need to be able to "_____" a fire
A. See B. Read C. Analyze D. Stop |
Read |
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A ______ change occurs when a substance remains chemically the same but changes in size, shape or appearance
A. Physical B. Chemical |
Physical |
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A ______ change occurs when a substance changes from one type of matter into another
A. Chemical B. Physical |
Chemical |
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A chemical reaction involving the combination of an oxidizer, such as oxygen in the air with other materials
A. Combuster B. Compound C. Oxidation D. Flame |
Oxidation |
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The formation of rust on metal is an example of what chemical reaction? |
Oxidation |
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In the case of heat, _____ means increasing the temperature of a substance
A. Energy B. Work C. Oxidizing D. Sparking |
Work |
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What are the two forms of energy? |
Kinetic or Potential |
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________ energy represent the amount of _________ energy an object can release at some point in the future
A. Potential, Kinetic B. Kinetic, Potential |
Potential, Kinetic |
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Fuels have a certain amount of chemical ______ energy before they are ignited
A. Potential B. Kinetic |
Potential |
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In terms of fire behavior, the potential _________ energy of fuel is converted to ________ energy and released as heat
A. mechanical, thermal B. electrical chemical C. chemical, thermal D. thermal, electrical |
Chemical, Thermal |
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The measure of energy in the International System of Units |
Joules |
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How many joules is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of ONE GRAM of water by ONE degree CELSIUS |
4.2 Joules |
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In the customary system, what is the unit of measure for heat? |
BTU |
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How many BTU's are required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree? |
One |
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How many joules are required to equal 1 BTU? |
1055 J |
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Reactions that emit energy as they occur
A. Exothermic B. Endothermic |
A. Exothermic Reaction |
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Reactions that absorb energy as they occur
A. Exothermic B. Endothermic |
B. Endothermic Reaction |
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Transfer of sufficient heat in solid fuels causes _________
A. Pyrolysis B. Vaporization |
Pyrolysis |
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Transfer of sufficient heat causes _________ of liquid fuels
A. Pyrolysis B. Vaporization |
Vaporization |
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What are the 2 forms of ignition? |
Piloted and Autoignition |
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Most common form of ignition that occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat to start combustion
A. Piloted Ignition B. Autoignition |
Piloted Ignition |
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________ occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors
A. Piloted ignition B. Autoignition |
Autoignition |
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Pyrolysis is the conversion of a ______ fuel item into a _______ fuel that is capable of supporting combustion
A. Solid, Gas B. Liquid, Vapor C. Gas, Solid D. Vapor, Liquid |
Solid, Gas |
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___________ is the conversion of a liquid to a vapor using the heat from combustion |
Vaporization |
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The minimum temperature to which a fuel in the air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion
A. Piloted Ignition temperature B. Autoignition temperature |
Autoignition Temperature |
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The ____________ of a substance is always higher than its ___________________
A. Autoignition Temp, Piloted Ignition Temp B. Piloted Ignition Temp, Autoignition Temp |
Autoignition Temp, Piloted Ignition Temp |
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What are the two modes of combustion? |
Flaming and NonFlaming |
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Which kind of combustion occurs more slowly at a lower temperature |
NonFlaming |
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What are the 3 elements necessary for fire to occur |
Oxygen, Fuel and Heat |
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Aside from oxygen, fuel and heat, what is necessary for fire to occur |
Chemical Chain Reaction |
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Materials that absorb heat but do not participate actively in the combustion reaction |
Passive Agent |
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Most common passive agent in building construction
A. Steel B. Plastic C. Wood D. Gypsum |
Gypsum |
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This type of combustion occurs when burning is localized on or near the fuel's surface where it is contact with oxygen
A. Flaming Combustion B. Nonflaming combustion |
Nonflaming combustion |
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This type of combustion occurs when a gaseous fuel mixes with oxygen in the correct ratio and is heated to ignition temperature
A. Flaming B. Nonflaming |
Flaming |
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Each element of the fire ________ must be in place for flaming combustion to occur
A. Tetrahedron B. Triangle |
Fire Tetrahedron |
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The products of combustion that have the most effect on firefighters |
Heat and Smoke |
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What causes most fire deaths from exposure to this product of fire? |
Smoke |
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Exposure of as little as 0.2 percent of this toxic gas can result in unconsciousness within 30 minutes |
Carbon Monoxide |
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The most common product of combustion encountered in structure fires?
A. Carbon Dioxide B. Hydrogen Cyanide C. Carbon Monoxide D. Nitrogen Dioxide |
Carbon Monoxide |
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This toxic and flammable substance is a significant byproduct of the combustion of polyurethane foam
A. Carbon Monoxide B. Formaldehyde C. Hydrogen Cyanide D. Carbon Dioxide |
Hydrogen Cyanide |
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This substance is a product of complete combustion and acts as a simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen
A. Carbon Monoxide B. Carbon Dioxide C. Hydrogen Cyanide D. Formaldehyde |
Carbon Dioxide |
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______ is the kinetic energy transferred from a high temperature substance to a low temperature substance
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Heat |
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_______ is the measurement of heat |
Temperature |
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What are the two scales used to measure temperature? |
Fahrenheit and Celsius |
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The most common source of heat in combustion reactions
A. Chemical B. Mechanical C. Electrical D. Nuclear |
Chemical |
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In order for self-heating to progress to _________ ignition, the material must be heated to its _______ ignition temperature
A. Piloted, Auto B. Spontaneous, Auto C. Auto, Spontaneous D. Spontaneous, Piloted |
Spontaneous, Auto |
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Mechanical energy is generated by _________ or ____________ |
Friction or Compression |
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The movement of two surfaces against each other creates heat of _________
A. Friction B. Compression |
Friction |
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Heat of ___________ is generated when a gas is compressed
A. Friction B. Compression |
Compression |
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True or False?
Objects at the same temperature can still transfer heat |
False |
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Heat is transferred from a _________ object to a _________ object
A. Warmer, Cooler B. Cooler, Warmer |
Warmer, Cooler |
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For any given substance, the ______ the temperature differences between the bodies, the ________ the the transfer rate
A. Lesser, Greater B. Greater, Lesser C. Greater, Greater D. Lesser, Lesser |
Greater, Greater |
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Heat can be transferred from one body to another by three mechanisms. What are they?
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Conduction, Convection, Radiation |
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What is considered to be the weakest part of the PPE system for a firefighter, which can melt from exposure to radiant energy?
A. Coat B. Gloves C. SCBA D. Boots |
SCBA |
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The transfer of heat through and between solids
A. Convection B. Conduction C. Radiation |
Conduction |
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The ____ closely packed the molecules of a substance are, the more readily it will conduct heat
A. More B. Less |
More |
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True or False?
The best commercial insulators used in building construction are those made of fine particles or fibers with void spaces between them filled with gas such as air |
True |
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The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a fluid (Liquid or gas)
A. Convection B. Radiation C. Conduction |
Convection |
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Products of combustion will move from areas of ______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure
A. Low, High B. High, Low |
High, Low |
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The transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an intervening medium
A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation |
Radiation |
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______ heat becomes the dominant mode of heat transfer when the fire grows in size and can have a significant effect on the ignition of objects located some distance from the fire
A. Conductive B. Convection C. Radiant |
Radiant |
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The effects of radiant heat _________ as distance between the fire and the exposure ___________
A. Decrease, Increase B. Increase, Decrease |
Decrease, Increase |
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As the temperature of the heat source increases, the radiant energy increase by a factor to the ______ power
A. Third B. Fourth C. Fifth D. Sixth |
Fourth |
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Because energy is an electromagnetic wave, it travels in a _______ line at the speed of light
A. Wavy B. Straight C. Crooked
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Straight |
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_______ is a common cause of exposure fires
A. Conduction B. Convection C. Radiation |
Radiation |
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The material that is oxidized or burned during combustion
A. Fuel C. Heat |
Fuel |
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The fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the ________ agent
A. increasing B. reducing |
Reducing |
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Inorganic fuels do not contain _______ |
Carbon |
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The __________ of a fuel is the total amount of thermal energy released when a specific amount of that fuel is oxidized (burned)
A. heat release rate B. heat of combustion |
Heat of Combustion |
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The total amount of heat released per unit of time or in other words how much heat is given off as something burns
A. heat release rate B. heat of combustion |
Heat Release rate |
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The rate at which energy is being transferred over time
A. Strength B. Power C. Force |
Power |
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The standard unit for power is the _______
A. joule B. Btu C. Watt |
Watt |
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_______ watt is one joule per second
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
1 |
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Typically the more available oxygen the ______ the Heat Release Rate
A. higher B. lower |
Higher |
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HRR _________ as compartments become ventilation controlled
A. increases B. decreases |
Decreases |
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What are the three physical states of matter a fuel may be found in? |
Gas, Solid or Liquid |
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For flaming combustion to occur, fuels must be in the ________ state
A. gaseous B. liquid C. solid |
Gaseous |
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Gaseous fuels such as methane, hydrogen and acetylene, can be the most dangerous of all fuel types because___________? |
They are already in the physical state required for ignition |
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The density of gases in relation to air
A. specific gravity B. vapor density |
Vapor Density |
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Gases with a vapor density of less than 1 will _________ while gases with a vapor density greater than 1 will _______
A. rise, sink B. sink, rise |
Rise, Sink |
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Heated gasses expand and become ________ dense; when cooled they contract and become ______ dense
A. more, less B. less, more |
Less, More |
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The density of liquids compared to the density of water is ___________
A. vapor density B. specific gravity |
Specific Gravity |
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Liquids with a specific gravity of less than 1 will ______ on the surface and liquids with a specific gravity greater than 1 will ________
A. float, sink B. sink, float |
Float, Sink |
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In order for a liquid to burn, it must be __________
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Vaporized |
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What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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14.7 psi |
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In order for vaporization to occur, the escaping vapors must be at a ________ pressure than atmospheric pressure
A. higher B. lower |
Higher |
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_________ indicates how easily a substance will evaporate
A. specific gravity B. vapor pressure C. vapor density |
Vapor Pressure |
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As a liquid is heated, vapor pressure ________ along with the rate of evaporation
A. increases B. decreases |
Increases |
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The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but not sustain combustion
A. flash point B. fire point |
Flash Point |
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The temperature at which sufficient vapors are being generated to sustain a combustion reaction
A. flash point B. fire point |
Fire Point |
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Liquid fuels that vaporize sufficiently to burn at temperatures under ______ degrees present a significant flammability hazard
A. 90 B. 100 C. 150 D. 212 |
100 |
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The extent to which a substance will mix with water
A. Solubility B. Miscible C. Polar Solvent |
Solubility |
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Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions
A. Polar Solvents B. Miscible C. Solubility |
Miscible |
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Liquids such as ________ fuels are lighter than water and will not mix with water
A. Carbon B. Hydrocarbon C. Polar Solvent |
Hydrocarbon |
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________ will mix readily with water
A. Polar Solvents B. Solubles C. Concentrated |
Polar Solvents |
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Which is not a hydrocarbon fuel
A. gasoline B. diesel C. ethanol D. fuel oil |
Ethanol |
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Liquids that are _____ dense than water are more difficult to extinguish using water
A. more b. less |
Less |
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True or False?
Adding water to liquid fuel will extinguish the burning liquid rather than disperse it? |
False
Adding water will disperse it rather than extinguish it |
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What is the flash point of gasoline? |
-45 degrees |
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Combustible liquids have a flash point at or above _________ degrees and below _________ degrees
A. 90, 200 B. 100, 200 C. 200, 300 D. 150, 250 |
100,200 |
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When solids are heated, fuel gases and vapors are released by ________
A. pyrolysis B. vaporization |
Pyrolysis |
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Pyrolysis of wood begins at temperatures below ______ degrees
A. 300 B. 400 C. 500 D. 100 |
400 |
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What is the primary consideration for how easily a solid fuel ignites? |
Surface to Mass ratio |
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As the surface area ________, the the fuel is easier to ignite
A. increases B. decreases |
increases |
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At what stage in the pyrolysis of wood is the wood freely burning and the material is being converted into flammable gases?
A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 |
Stage 4 |
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_________ are not combustible, but they will support or enhance combustion |
Oxidizers |
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What degrees is normal ambient temperatures considered? |
68 |
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Materials can ignite and burn in a little concentration as _____ percent of oxygen |
14 |
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Below 19.5% oxygen in the atmosphere is considered oxygen _________ |
Deficient |
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Below 14% oxygen in the atmosphere is considered oxygen _________ |
Deprived |
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Oxygen concentrations exceeding 23.5 is considered oxygen _________ |
Enriched |
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When placed in an oxygen rich atmosphere of approximately ______ percent oxygen, Nomex ignite and burns vigorously |
31 |
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The minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion |
Lower flammable limit |
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The concentration above which combustion cannot take place |
Upper flammable Limit |
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Concentrations below LFL are considered to ______ to burn and concentrations above UFL are considered to ______ burn |
Lean, Rich |
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Molecular fragments that are highly reactive
A. Free Radicals B. Polar Solvents C. Matter D. Oxidizers |
Free radicals |
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What substance has the greatest difference in flammable range?
A. Methane B. Methanol C. Carbon Monoxide D. Ethanol |
Carbon Monoxide |
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The extinguishment of a fire by chemical chain reaction
A. oxygen depriving B. chemical flame inhibition C. fuel removal D. foam blanket |
Chemical flame inhibition |
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What are the 4 stages of fire? |
Incipient Growth Fully Developed Decay |
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Liquid that has spilled onto a flat area will release ______ vapors than liquid contained in a way that reduces surface area
A. More B. Less |
More |
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The increase of vapor due to a spill will allow more fuel to ignite, resulting in greater heat over a _______ period of time
A. longer B. shorter |
Shorter |
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The ________ of a structure are often the most readily available fuel source, significantly influencing fire development in a compartment fire
A. Walls B. Ceilings C. Contents D. Roofs |
Contents |
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When contents release a large amount of heat rapidly, both the intensity of the fire and speed of development will be __________
A. increased B. decreased |
Increased |
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A compartmentalized floor plan _______ the amount of space and fuel a fire may access
A. enhances B. limits
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Limits |
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All factors being equal, a fire in a large compartment will develop __________ than one in a small compartment
A. faster B. slower |
Slower |
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If smoke is visible outside, ______ is occuring |
Ventilation |
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When a fire runs out of available fuel, it is said to be _______ controlled |
Fuel |
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When the available air supply begins to limit fire development in a compartment fire, it is said to be ________ controlled |
Ventilation |
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True or False?
Fires have a tendency to grow in the direction of ventilation openings |
True |
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When a fire becomes ventilation controlled, the fire's heat release rate will _______
A. increase B. decrease |
Decrease |
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This thermal property contains heat within the compartment
A. insulation B. heat reflectivity C. retention |
Insulation |
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This thermal property increases fire spread through the transfer of radiant heat from wall surfaces to adjacent fuel sources
A. insulation B. retention C. heat reflectivity |
Heat Reflectivity |
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This thermal property maintains temperature by absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat slowly
A. retention B. insulation C. heat reflectivity |
Retention |
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Term for the conditions such as high humidity and cold temperatures that can slow the natural movement smoke |
Ambient Conditions |
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If a window fails or a door is opened on the windward side of a structure, fire intensity and spread can increase significantly, creating a "________" effect
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Blowtorch |
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_____ temperatures can cause smoke to appear white and give a false impression of interior conditions based upon smoke color
A. Hot B. Cold |
Cold |
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Ambient temperatures and humidity are _____ significant inside a compartment
A. more B. less |
Less |
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The total quantity of combustible contents inside a building, space or fire area |
Fuel Load |
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This stage starts with ignition when the three elements of the fire triangle come together and combustion begins |
Incipient Stage |
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The column of hot gases, flames and smoke rising above a fire and mixes with cooler air in the room |
Plume |
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As the plume reaches the ceiling, hot gases spread horizontally in a term called __________ or also known as Ceiling Jet |
Mushrooming |
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Fires in fuel packages in corners of room can only entrain air from how many sides? |
Two |
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The tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature |
Thermal Layering |
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Generally, the hottest gasses tend to be in the _________ layer, while the cooler gases tend to form the _______ layers
A. upper, lower B. lower, upper |
Upper, lower |
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The term for the interface of the hot and cooler gas layers at the opening
A. Positive Plane B. Middle Plane C. Neutral Plane D. Negative Plane |
Neutral Plane |
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The neutral plane only exists at openings where hot gases are ________ and cooler air is __________ the compartment
A. entering, exiting B. exiting, entering
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Exiting, entering |
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Whenever possible, maintain or _________ the level of the hot gas layer above the floor
A. raise B. lower |
Raise |
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As a fire grows in intensity,the neutral plane __________ because of the influx of hot gases
A. ascends B. descends |
Descends |
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The rapid transition from __________ stage to ___________ stage is known as flashover
A. incipient, growth B. growth, fully developed C. fully developed, decay |
Growth, full developed |
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True or False?
It is safe to assume a flashover may occur at any time |
True |
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Most fires that develop beyond the incipient stage become ________ controlled |
Ventilation |
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All combustible materials burn during ______ stage |
Fully Developed |
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In this stage, the burning fuels in the compartment are releasing the max amount of heat possible for the available fuel and oxygen |
Fully Developed |
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In what stage is the fire ventilation controlled because the heat release rate is dependent on the compartment openings |
Fully Developed |
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If there are limited or no compartment openings, it is unlikely a fire will reach __________ stage due to limited ventilation |
Fully Developed |
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As the fire consumes available fuel in the compartment and heat release rate begins to decline, it enters what stage? |
Decay |
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In the decay stage, temperature can decrease but __________ can continue
A. vaporization B. pyrolysis |
Pyrolysis |
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When this occurs, the combustible materials in the compartment and the gases produced by pyrolysis ignite simultaneously |
Flashover |
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Flashover typically occurs in the _________ stage of the fire but may also occur in the _________ stage
A. incipient, growth B. growth, fully developed C. fully developed, decay
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Growth, fully developed |
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When ________ occurs, burning gases push out of openings in the compartment at a substantial velocity |
Flashover |
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True of False?
Flashover can only occur in an enclosed spaces |
True |
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What are the two factors that determine whether a fire within a compartment will progress to flashover? Sufficient ______ and _________ |
Fuel and Oxygen |
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At what temperature does flashover typically occur? |
1,100 degrees Fahrenheit ceiling temp |
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At floor level, heat flux of approximately ___ kW/m2 is typical of flashover conditions
A. 20 B. 30 C. 35 D. 25 |
20 |
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A condition where the unburned fire gases have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling |
Roll Over |
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Rollover may occur during _______ stage as the hot gas layer forms at the ceiling |
Growth |
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_________ will generally precede _____________
A. flashover, rollover B. rollover, flashover |
Rollover, flashover |
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True or False?
Rollover will always result in a flashover |
False |
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The explosive burning of heated gases that occurs when oxygen in introduced into a compartment that has a high concentration of flammable gases and depleted supply of oxygen |
Backdraft |
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__________ occurs in the decay stage
A. Rollover B. Flashover C. Backdraft
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Backdraft |
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Anytime a compartment contains hot combustion products, potential for ________ must be considered before creating any openings into the compartment |
Backdraft |
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If the hot, flammable products of combustion mix and air mix __________, a backdraft is unlikely to occur
A. rapidly B. slowly |
Slowly |
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The ______ confined, the fuel/air mixture is, the ________ violent the backdraft will be
A. more, less B. less, more C. more, more D. less, less |
More, More |
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Cooling can extinguish solid fuels and liquid fuels with ______ flash points
A. high B. low |
High |
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When water is converted to steam, it expands approximately _________ times |
1700 |
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True or False?
The simplest method of fuel removal is to allow a fire to burn until all fuel is consumed |
True |
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________ can be separated from some fuels by blanketing them with foam |
Oxygen |
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This method of extinguishment is effective on gas and liquid fuels because they must flame to burn
A. Temp reduction B. Fuel removal C. Oxygen exclusion D. chemical flame inhibition |
Chemical Flame Inhibition |
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________ ventilation is often the result of occupant action or fire effects on the building |
Unplanned |
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The planned, systematic and coordinated introduction of air and removal of hot gases and smoke from a building |
Tactical ventilation |
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True or False?
Coordinated tactical ventilation will NOT increase the combustion rate in a ventilation controlled fires |
False
Even coordinated tactical ventilation increases combustion rate in ventilation controlled fires |
