Essentials Of Anatomy And Physiology Fourth Edition Chapters 1-5 Vocab

Front 1

Anatomy (uh-NAT-uh-mee)

Back 1

The study of the structure of teh body and the relationships among the parts

Front 2

Tissue

Back 2

a group of cells with similar structure and function

Front 3

Homeostasis (HOH-me-oh-STAY-sis)

Back 3

The state in which teh internal environment of the body remains relatively stable by responding appropriately to changes

Front 4

Inorganic Chemicals

Back 4

A chemical compound that does not contain carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds; includes water, salts, and oxygen

Front 5

Meninges (me-NIN-jeez)

Back 5

The connective tissue membranes that line the dorsal cavity and cover the brain and spinal chord

Front 6

Negative Feedback

Back 6

A control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again and there is a need for the response

Front 7

Organ

Back 7

a structure with specific functions; made of two or more tissues

Front 8

Organic Chemicals

Back 8

a chemical compound that contains carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclein acids

Front 9

Pathophysiology (PATH-oh-FIZZ-ee-AH-luh-jee)

Back 9

The study of diseases as they are realated to functioning

Front 10

Pericardial membranes (PER-ee-KAR-de-uhl MEM-brayns)

Back 10

the three membranes that enclose the heart, conssisting of an outer fibrous layer and two serous layers

Front 11

Peritoneum/Mesentery (PER-i-toh-NEE-um/MEZ-en-TER-ee)

Back 11

the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Front 12

Physiology (FIZZ-ee-AH-luh-jee)

Back 12

the study of the functioning of the body and its parts

Front 13

Plane

Back 13

an imaginary flat surface that divides the body in a specific way

Front 14

Pleural membranes (PLOOR-uhl MEM-brayns)

Back 14

the serous membranes o fthe thoracic cavity

Front 15

Section

Back 15

the cutting of an organ or teh body to make internal structures

Front 16

Amino Acid

Back 16

An organic compound that contains an amine group and a carboxyl group. 20 amino acids make a protein

Front 17

Buffer System

Back 17

A pair of chemicals that prevents significant changes in the pH of a body fluid

Front 18

Carbohydrates

Back 18

An organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars, starches, and cellulose

Front 19

Catalyst

Back 19

A chemical that affects the speed of a chemical reation

Front 20

Cell Respiration

Back 20

A cellular process in which the energy of nutrients is released in the form of ATP and heat. Oxygen is required and carbon dioxide and water are produced

Front 21

Hypoxia (high-POCK-see-ah)

Back 21

A deficiency or lack of oxygen

Front 22

Dissociation/Ionization

Back 22

The separation of an inorganic salt, acid, or base into its ions when dissolved in water

Front 23

Enzyme

Back 23

A protein that affects the speed of a chemical reaction. Also called an organic catalyst

Front 24

Extracellular Fluid

Back 24

The water found outside cells; includes plasma, tissue fluid, lymph etc.

Front 25

Atherosclerosis (ATH-er-oh-skle-ROH-sis)

Back 25

The abnormal accumulation of lipids and other materials in the walls of arteries; narrows the lumen of the vessel and may stimulate abnormal clot formation

Front 26

Lipid

Back 26

An organic chemical insoluble in water; includes true fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Front 27

Nucleic Acid

Back 27

An organic chemical that is made of nucleotide subunits. Examples are DNA and RNA

Front 28

Acidocis

Back 28

The condition in which the pH of the blood falls below 7.35

Front 29

Pinocytosis

Back 29

The process by which a stationary cell ingests very small particles or a liquid

Front 30

Chromosomes

Back 30

Structures made of DNA and portein within the nucleus of a cell. Humans have 46 chromosomes

Front 31

Cytoplasm

Back 31

The cellular material between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Front 32

Diffusion

Back 32

The process in which there is movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Front 33

Diploid Number

Back 33

The characteristic or usual number of chromosomes

Front 34

Filtration

Back 34

The process in which water and dissolved materials move through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 35

Gamates

Back 35

The male or female reproductive cells, sperm cells or ova, each with the haploid number of chromosomes

Front 36

Haploid Number

Back 36

Half the usual number of chromosomes found in a species

Front 37

Meiosis

Back 37

The process of cell division in which one cell with the diploid number of chromosomes divides twice to form four cells, each with teh haploid number of chromosomes

Front 38

Mocrovilli (MY-kro-VILL-eye)

Back 38

Folds of the cell membrane on teh free surface of an epithelial cell; increase teh surface area for absorption

Front 39

Mitochondria

Back 39

The cell organelles in which aerobic cell respiration takes place and ATP is produced

Front 40

Mitosis

Back 40

The process of cell division in which one cell with teh diploid number of chromosomes divides once to form two identical cells, each with the diploid number of chromosomes

Front 41

Organelles

Back 41

An intracellular structure that has a specific function

Front 42

Osmosis

Back 42

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 43

Cell (plasma) Membrane

Back 43

The membrane made of phospholipids, protein, and cholesterol that forms the outer boundary of a cells and regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell

Front 44

Phagocytosis

Back 44

The process by which a moving cell engules a particle; especially, the ingestion of microorganisms by white blood cells

Front 45

Carcinogen

Back 45

A substance that increases the risk of developing cancer

Front 46

Chemotherapy

Back 46

The use of chemicals to treat disease

Front 47

Malignant

Back 47

Tending to spread and become worse

Front 48

Metastasis

Back 48

The spread of disease form one part of the body to another

Front 49

Cartilage

Back 49

A connective tissue made of chondrocytes in a protein matrix; is firm yet flexible

Front 50

Chondrocyte

Back 50

A cartilage cell

Front 51

Collagen

Back 51

A protein that is found in the form of strong fibers in many types of connective tissue

Front 52

Connective Tissue

Back 52

Any of the tissues that connects, supports, transports, or stores materials. Consists of cells and matrix

Front 53

Elastin

Back 53

A protein that is found in the form of elastic fibers in several types of connective tissue

Front 54

Endocrine Gland

Back 54

A ductless gland that secretes its product directly into the blood

Front 55

Exocrine Gland

Back 55

A gland that secretes its product into a duct to be taken to a cavity or surface

Front 56

Epithelial Tissue

Back 56

The tissue foudn on external and internal body sufaces and which forms glands

Front 57

Hemopoietic

Back 57

A blood-forming tissue; the red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

Front 58

Matrix

Back 58

The non-livng intercellular material that is part of connective tissues

Front 59

Mucous Membrane

Back 59

The epithelial lining of a body tract that opens to the environment

Front 60

Myocardium

Back 60

The cardiac muscle tissue that forms the walls of the chambers of the heart

Front 61

Nerve Tissue

Back 61

The tissue specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that have many functions in the maintenance of homeostasis

Front 62

Neuron

Back 62

A nerve cell; consists of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites

Front 63

Neurotransmitter

Back 63

A chemical released by the axon of a neuron, which crosses a synapse and affects the electrical activity of the postysnaptic membrane

Front 64

Osteocyte

Back 64

A bone cell

Front 65

Plasma

Back 65

The water foudn within the blood vessels

Front 66

Secretion

Back 66

The production and release of a cellular product with a useful purpose

Front 67

Serous Memebrane

Back 67

An epithelial membrane that lines a closed body cavity and covers teh organs in that cavity

Front 68

Synapse

Back 68

The space between the axon of one neouron and the cell body or dendrite of the next neuron or between the end of a motor neuron and an effector cell

Front 69

Arterioles (ar-TEER-ee-ohls)

Back 69

A small artery

Front 70

Ceruminous Gland (suh-ROO-mi-nus Gland)

Back 70

An exocrine gland in the dermis of the ear canal that secreates cerumen (ear wax)

Front 71

Dermis

Back 71

The inner layer of the skin, made of fibrous connective tissue

Front 72

Eccrine Sweat Gland

Back 72

The type of sweat gland (exocrine) that produces watery sweat

Front 73

Epidermis

Back 73

The outer layer of the skin, made of stratified squamou epithelium

Front 74

Keratin

Back 74

A protein produced by epidermal cells, foudn in teh epidermis, hair, and nails

Front 75

Melanin

Back 75

A protein pigment produced by melanocytes. Absorbes ultraviolet light; give color to teh skin, hair, iris, and choroid layer of teh eye

Front 76

Melanocyte

Back 76

A cell in the lower epidermis that synthesizes the pigment melanin

Front 77

Papillary layer

Back 77

The uppermost layer of the dermis; contains capillaries to nourish the epidermis

Front 78

Receptors

Back 78

An arrangement of molecules, often part of teh cell membrane, that will accept only molecules with a complememntary shape

Front 79

Sebaceous Gland (suh-BAY-shus GLAND)

Back 79

An exocrine gland in the dermis that produces sebum (Natural oil in the skin that lubricates and protects)

Front 80

Stratum Corneum

Back 80

The outermost layer of the epidermis, amde of layers of dead, keratinzed cells

Front 81

Stratum Germinativum (JER-min-ah-TEE-vum)

Back 81

The innermost layer of the epidermis; the cells undergo mitosis to produce new epidermis

Front 82

Subcutaneous Tissue (SUB-kew-TAY-nee-us)

Back 82

Below the skin; the tissues between the dermis and muscles

Front 83

Vasoconstriction (VAY-zoh-kon-STRIK-shun)1

Back 83

A decrease in the diameter of a blood vesel cause by relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel

Front 84

Vasodilation

Back 84

Opposite of Vasoconstriction

Front 85

Alopecia (AL-oh-PEE-she-ah)

Back 85

Loss of hair, especially that of the scalp

Front 86

Biopsy

Back 86

Removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination; a diagnostic procedure

Front 87

Carcinoma (KAR-sin-OH-mah)

Back 87

A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Front 88

Circulatory Shock

Back 88

The condition in which decreased cardiac output deprives all tisue of oxygen and permits the accumulation of waste products

Front 89

Contusion (kon-TOO-zhun)q

Back 89

A bruise

Front 90

Decubitus Ulcer (dee-KWN-bi-tuss UL-ser)

Back 90

The breakdown and death of skin tissue due to prolonged pressure that interrupts blood flow to the area

Front 91

Vesicles

Back 91

A small sac or cyst, especially one containing fluid

Front 92

Dermatoloty

Back 92

The study of skin and its skin diseases

Front 93

Eczema

Back 93

An inflammatory condition of the skin that may include the formation of vesicles or pustules

Front 94

Histamine

Back 94

An inflamatory chemical released by damaged tissues; stimulates increased capillary permeability and vaodilation

Front 95

Pustules (pus-CHOOLs)

Back 95

inflamed lesions that look like pink bumps

Front 96

Inflamation

Back 96

The reactions of tissue to injury

Front 97

Melanoma

Back 97

Malignant pigmented mole or nevus

Front 98

Nevus

Back 98

A pigmented area of the skin (mole)

Front 99

Pruritus (proo-RYE-tus)

Back 99

Severe itching