Es 2 Midterm

Front 1

energy is both a

Back 1

ultimiate resource and pernicious pollutant

Front 2

Santa Barbra Oil Spill

Back 2

A blowout in Santa Barbara Channel created the first significant
offshore oil spill for drilling or producing oil in 22 years of offshore
drilling.
REPRESENTED BLACK FRIDAY FOR WESTCOAST ENERGY

Front 3

Three Dimensions of Science

Back 3

• Empirical observations, data and facts
• Mathematical analysis, hypothesis testing, models & theories
• Thematic content, unspoken assumptions or prejudices

Front 4

Sustainability

Back 4

“development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”

Front 5

Sustainability- looks to find energy sources that do not

Back 5

1. Emit hazards or pollutants on a
substantial scale.
2. Promote waste.
3. Promote social injustices.

Front 6

1st law of therodynamics

Back 6

1st Law: Energy is always conserved.

consumption = conversion
• no perpetual motion machines

Front 7

Work= useful mechanical energy

Back 7

W(Joule) = F (Nt) * D (m)

Front 8

2nd law of therodynamics

Back 8

2nd Law: Entropy is always produced.

Front 9

2nd Law Corollaries

Back 9

• Energy Flow Corollary
Energy naturally flows from high to low grade energy
• Conversion Corollary
Converting energy degrades it & produces entropy.
• 2nd Law Efficiency Corollary
Matching energy grade with use saves energy and
perseveres the environment. 2nd law efficiency is a
measure of how well this matching is accomplished.

Front 10

growing energy consumption

Back 10

The growing consumption
of energy will have major
negative impacts on our
environment, economy,
and geopolitical
relationships.

Front 11

alternative energy source

Back 11

In addition to developing
alternative sources of
energy, we need to slow
the rate of growth in
consumption and, ideally,
stop or reverse it.

Front 12

Foucs

Back 12

Focus: develop more
energy efficient
technologies. (95% of
R&D funds funds spent on
energy supply.)

Front 13

Consumption of fossil fuels at year 2000 as
percentage of economically
recoverable reserves

Back 13

oil 3.0%
gas 1.6%
coal 0.5 %

Front 14

us consuption

Back 14

The United States, with
4.5% of the world’s
population, uses 25% of the
world’s oil

Front 15

oil demand

Back 15

But demand for oil is surging
in China and India, which
have 25% of the world’s
people

Front 16

Pollution makes

Back 16

air, water, and soil impure and unclean.

Front 17

synergism

Back 17

whereby the combined effect of different substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Front 18

commonly express concentration of pollutants in..

Back 18

parts per million (ppm) or per billion (ppb)

Front 19

air pollutants are commonly messured in

Back 19

units ushc as micrograms of pollutants per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)

Front 20

risk assessment involves

Back 20

hazard identification, assessment of dose response, assessment of exposure, and risk characterization.

Front 21

biomagnifcation

Back 21

the accumulation or increase int he concentration of a substance in living tissue as it moves through a food web.

Front 22

carcinogen

Back 22

toxin that increases the risk of cancer

Front 23

contamination

Back 23

has a meaning similar to pollution and implies making somthing unfit for a particular use through the introduction of undesirable materials.

Front 24

dose response

Back 24

how chemicals affect a indiviual

Front 25

electromagnetic fields (EMFs)

Back 25

electric transmitions lines from utilites.

Front 26

heavy metals

Back 26

metals with relatively high atomic weight- that pose health hazards to people and ecosystems include mercury, thallium, and lead.

Front 27

hormonally active agents (HAAs)

Back 27

can cause developmental and reproductive abnoramilites in animals, including humans.

Front 28

noise pollution

Back 28

noise pollution is unwanted sound

Front 29

organic compounds

Back 29

are carbon compounds that are produced naturally by living organisms or synthetically by human industrial processes.

Front 30

particulates

Back 30

particle substances.

Front 31

POPS (persistent organic pollutants)

Back 31

- carbon0based molecular structure
- dont break down easy
- polluting and toxic
- manufactured by people

Front 32

pollution

Back 32

unwanted change in the environment by introducing harmful materials or by producing harmful conditions

Front 33

thermal pollution

Back 33

heat pollution, heat released into water or air with undesirable effects.

Front 34

toxic

Back 34

poisionous substance

Front 35

toxicology

Back 35

sciece that studies chemicals that are or could be toxic

Front 36

fossil fuels

Back 36

formed in the earth from dead plants, algae, and bacteria that did not decompose completely

Front 37

conventional fuels

Back 37

because we are used to using them, coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Front 38

nonrenewable source

Back 38

fossil fuels are

Front 39

alternative sources are renewable

Back 39

such a sun (wind, water) and geothermal (deep earth heat) and nuclear energy sources.

Front 40

resource?

Back 40

the entire amount on Earth- somtimes called the total resource

Front 41

reserve?

Back 41

what we can get at now economically, the portion of the resource that we can extract now at a profit.

Front 42

synfuels

Back 42

liquid or gaseous fuels derived from solid fossil fuels.

Front 43

energy is..

Back 43

the ability to do work, to move matter.

Front 44

Fuels fuels became the primary source of abundant energy in..

Back 44

the 20th century

Front 45

Solar energy has the

Back 45

fewest environmental effects. win is second, water is thir.

Front 46

nuclear power..

Back 46

is the most dangerous to people and the environment

Front 47

geothermal energy

Back 47

nstursl heat from the interior of the earth

Front 48

half-life

Back 48

those with a long half life can contaminate for a long time

Front 49

isotopes

Back 49

atoms of an element that are chemically the same but have different weights.