Es 185 Feeding Nine Billion Final-2017 2

Front 1

Currently, the beef production system in the US occupies

Back 1

~60 M ha

Front 2

Converting to a grass-fed system would require

Back 2

~10% more cows
~20 M ha of additional land (30% increase)

Front 3

target of ___% current yields per year to 2030

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1.3%

Front 4

current cropland area

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1556 M ha

Front 5

potential land availabel
SSA
L Am + Caribbean
rest of the world

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SSA 200 M ha
L Am + Caribbean 125 M ha
rest of the world 100 M ha

Front 6

wheat farm yield

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2t/ha (Aust) - 8.5 t/ha (Euro)

Front 7

winter wheat

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higher yields b/c dormancy period allows for long growth duration, medium lattitude

Front 8

spring wheat: spring/wheat

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spring- high latitude, winter-medium latitude

Front 9

US winter wheat low productivity bs in

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low productivity soil

many factors?

Front 10

Mexican wheat
where
rotation
typ field
water

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NW, wheat-wheat-wheat, large 10 ha, irrigated

Front 11

Wheat Indo Gangetic Plains
tilling system, tech, rotation

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no till, rotavator, Bt cotton and wheat b/c able to start earlier

Front 12

Australia
yield gap, why low N

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over 30%, assume every year will be dry so don’t overapply

Front 13

WME 11: GY, FR, UK, Euro
water, fertilizer, W Euro vs E Euro

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largely rainfed, fairly low N input, more N in W Euro b/c higher PY there

Front 14

Main wheat producers

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China, India, US, Russia

Front 15

china is the largest producer of

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rice + wheat

Front 16

main rice producers

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china, india, indonesia

Front 17

rice in china

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mostly S province
double crop to start earlier, harvest, replant

Front 18

rice in the philippines
py, YG, dry/wet season yield better

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hard to get py, 100% yield gap, dry better b/c too much water during wet...submergence tolerant rice can help?

Front 19

Indian rice recent trend

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groundwater depletion

Front 20

most maize produced in what conditions?

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wet temperate

Front 21

top maize producers

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US, China, Brazil

Front 22

___% in wet temperate (MME7)

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35% US corn belt, W Euro, Argentina

Front 23

___% YG SSA for maize

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200%, low hybrid use

Front 24

Brazil’s maize YG

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acidic soil but lime helping...250%

Front 25

nearly all corn in US is

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hybrid

Front 26

how to make yields 10% higher

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cross 2 inbred works b/c if just inbred b/c plants will lose vigor if left to cross pollinate over time

Front 27

N China maize rotations

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maize-wheat

Front 28

why does the US maize have a low yield gap

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50%, N, insecticides, herbicides, wet system so less risk aversion of a drought

wet temperate: good conditions

not a water limited yield

Front 29

Brazil maize system

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Amazon and Sorato like SSA
lots of weathering b/c no glacial activity
acidic soil in tropical region
1st(E) and 2nd(W) corn for diff seasons

Front 30

top soy producers

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USA, Brazil, Argentina

Front 31

Africa major producer of

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cassava, yams, wheat, maize

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Africa major consumer of

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rice, maize, wheat

Front 33

study yield gaps with

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farmer/expert surveys, spatial anaylsis, crop modelling

Front 34

main wheat system problems

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mostly biotic, heat stress, weed competition

Front 35

closing grains yield gaps would go ______ to getting to 2050 growth (excl. soy)

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halfway

Front 36

Rice yield problems

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biotic and nutrient

Front 37

why is there low fertilizer use in SSA

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low OM, acidic soil, costs>uncertain benefits

Front 38

Bt corn big in

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US, Brazil, Argentina

Front 39

agronomic approaches to reducing gaps

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machinery, weather forecasts, IPM, improved nutrient mgmt

Front 40

breeding approaches to reducing gaps

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herbicide tolerant crops, plants resistant to pests and disease

Front 41

historic reasons PY inc’d
wheat
rice
maize
soy

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wheat: inc HI
rice: inc HI
maize: temperate maize-hybrids and denser sowing-> higher biomass
tropical maize- increased HI under stress
soy: increase biomass and HI

Front 42

ways to raise PY

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increase RUE thru erect leaves
increase radiation capture (faster early season growth, delayed senescence)
increase water use thru deeper roots and no till
inc HI for spring wheat, tropical maize, soy (HI limit of 55%)
hybridize self pollinators (rice and wheat)
convert C3 crops like rice to C4
increase transpiration

Front 43

how does bt work

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by encoded by foreign protein into host plant to express a new protein which punches holds in insect’s gut lining

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biggest form of consumed protein in the world

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wheat

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___% calories directly from cereals

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46%

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___% protein directly from cereal

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40%

Front 47

usual H20 productivity ____m^3/kg

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1m^3/kg or 1000m^3/ton

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1 ton of grain needs at least ___tons N

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20

Front 49

increase ET by

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better root systems

Front 50

increase T/ET

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earlier cover ground to avoid evaporation loss
decrease weeds so less unproductive

Front 51

increase TE by

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grow when low VPD or if high Kc
use crops with different photosynthetic systems like C4

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increase HI

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breed crops with decreased susceptibility to drought during grain set

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___% potential production lost to biotic stresses

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30%

Front 54

conservation ag

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at least 30% residue left
no/reduced till
rotations

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ipm can be

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biological, chemical, mechanical, genetic, cultural

Front 56

land and labor make up ____ of costs

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60-70%

Front 57

____ land area that’s agricultural area

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38% or 5 billion Ha

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C4 is ___ VPD

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C4 higher VPD

Front 59

nutrient gains

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fertilization, mineralization, deposition (N), fixation (N)