Equine Anatomy Final

Front 1

renal physiology

Back 1

1. unfiltered blood travels from renal artery into bowman's capsule

2. tubules where minerals, chemicals, sugars and nitrogenous waste are absorbed and excreted

Front 2

ureter enters at the

Back 2

trigone of the bladder

Front 3

detrusor muscle

Back 3

contracts the bladder

Front 4

urine

Back 4

whatever doesn't go back into the bloodstream

Front 5

blood volume passes through tubules

Back 5

200-300 times per day

Front 6

unique in horse's urine

Back 6

1. excess amount of calcium carbonate

2. mucus

Front 7

cloudy urine

Back 7

calcium carbonate

Front 8

bubbly urine

Back 8

mucus

Front 9

estrus mare urine

Back 9

increased mucus to prevent injury and infection during breeding

Front 10

lubricates urethra to prevent stone formation of calcium carbonate

Back 10

mucus

Front 11

transverse fold

Back 11

sits over top of the entrance to the vagina

Front 12

3 uterine layers

Back 12

1. serous

2. myometrium (muscular layer)

3. endometrium (mucous membrane)

Front 13

eggs fertilized in the

Back 13

oviduct

Front 14

uterine artery

Back 14

supplies blood to the uterus and fetus

Front 15

light controls

Back 15

when mares are in heat

Front 16

anestrus

Back 16

not cycling (winter)

Front 17

pineal gland

Back 17

causes response to length of daylight in mares

Front 18

how long is the estrus cycle?

Back 18

21 days

Front 19

5 days after ovulation

Back 19

1. corpus hemorrhagicum clots and becomes the corpus luteum

Front 20

luteal phase

Back 20

corpus luteum secretes progesterone

Front 21

progesterone

Back 21

keeps uterus ready for fertilization and maintains pregnancy

Front 22

endometrium secretes

Back 22

prostaglandin

Front 23

prostaglandin

Back 23

kills off the corpus luteus

Front 24

causes follicles to grow again

Back 24

follicular stimulating hormone

Front 25

follicular stimulating hormone is produced in the

Back 25

pituitary gland

Front 26

estradiol

Back 26

in non-pregnant mares relaxes cervix and causes behavioural heat

Front 27

estrogen sulfate

Back 27

in pregnant mares can show fetal viability after 70 days

Front 28

embryo is fixed after

Back 28

14 days

Front 29

gestation takes

Back 29

340 days

Front 30

corpus luteum secretes progesterone until

Back 30

day 36

Front 31

stage 1 of labour

Back 31

1. the longest stage

2. 4 hours-multiple days

3. mare acts restless and colicky

Front 32

stage 2 of labour

Back 32

1. from when chorioallantoic membrane ruptures to where foal touches ground

2. should be 15-20 minutes

Front 33

stage 3 of labour

Back 33

1. the passage of fetal membranes

2. should occur within 30 minutes

3. after 3 hours it's considered retained

Front 34

where sperm matures

Back 34

epididymis

Front 35

passageway for mature sperm

Back 35

ductus deferens

Front 36

spermatic cord contains

Back 36

1. testicular artery

2. pampiniform plexus

3. ductus deferens

4. nerves

5. cremaster muscle

Front 37

regulates temperature in testicles

Back 37

pampiniform plexus

Front 38

prepuce

Back 38

internal and external sheath

Front 39

regions of the penis

Back 39

1. root

2. body/shaft

3. glans

Front 40

compresses vein for erection

Back 40

ischiocavernosus muscle

Front 41

draws penis into the sheath

Back 41

retractor penis muscle

Front 42

thermoregulatory structures

Back 42

1. scrotum

2. pampiniform plexus

3. cremaster muscle

Front 43

central nervous system comprised of

Back 43

1. brain

2. spinal cord

3. cranial nerves

4. retina

Front 44

somatic nervous system

Back 44

conscious control

Front 45

autonomic nervous system

Back 45

unconscious control

Front 46

afferent

Back 46

sensory

Front 47

efferent

Back 47

motor

Front 48

fight or flight

Back 48

sympathetic

Front 49

rest and digest

Back 49

parasympathetic

Front 50

anatomy of a nerve

Back 50

1. classification

2. cell body

3. tubular process

4. types

Front 51

tubular process

Back 51

conducts nerve impulses from the cell body

Front 52

axons

Back 52

conduct nerve pulses away from the cell body

Front 53

dendrites

Back 53

receptive surfaces of neuron communicates with other neurons

Front 54

sensory

Back 54

afferent

Front 55

motor

Back 55

efferent

Front 56

motor impulses outward to muscle cells

Back 56

general somatic efferent

Front 57

motor impulses outward to internal organs

Back 57

general visceral efferent

Front 58

sensory impulses from muscle to brain and spinal cord

Back 58

general somatic afferent

Front 59

sensory impulses from organs to brain and spinal cord

Back 59

general visceral afferent

Front 60

balance and coordination

Back 60

cerebellum

Front 61

responds to hours of light in a day

Back 61

pineal gland

Front 62

links nervous system to the endocrine system

Back 62

hypothalmus

Front 63

endocrine gland

Back 63

pituitary gland

Front 64

cranial nerve 7

Back 64

facial nerve

Front 65

facial nerve sends

Back 65

motor impulses to muscles of facial expression

Front 66

cranial nerve 10

Back 66

vagus nerve

Front 67

vagus nerve is responsible for

Back 67

parasympathetic to abdominal viscera

Front 68

cranial nerve 1

Back 68

olfactory (scent)

Front 69

cranial nerve 2

Back 69

optic (sight)

Front 70

cranial nerve 3

Back 70

oculomotor (motor to extraocular muscles)

Front 71

cranial nerve 4

Back 71

trochlear (motor to extraocular muscle)

Front 72

cranial nerve 8

Back 72

vestibulocochlear (sensory for hearing and balance)

Front 73

cranial nerve 9

Back 73

glossopharyngeal (motor to the pharynx)

Front 74

cranial nerve 12

Back 74

hypoglossal (motor to the tongue)

Front 75

spinal regions

Back 75

1. cervical

2. thoracic

3. lumbar

4. sacral

5. caudal

Front 76

filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Back 76

epidural space

Front 77

sensory nerve root

Back 77

dorsal

Front 78

motor nerve root

Back 78

ventral

Front 79

membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Back 79

meninges

Front 80

dense and fibrous meninges

Back 80

dura mater

Front 81

cushioning meninges for central nervous system

Back 81

arachnoid membrane

Front 82

vascular meninges which nourish the brain

Back 82

pia mater

Front 83

main site of cerebrospinal fluid production

Back 83

choroid plexus

Front 84

blocks sensory to maxillary incisors

Back 84

infraorbital foramen

Front 85

innervates mandibular cheek teeth

Back 85

mandibular foramen

Front 86

blocks the eye nerve

Back 86

supraorbital foramen

Front 87

innervates mandibular incisors

Back 87

mental foramen

Front 88

damage from ear twitches affect the

Back 88

great auricular nerve

Front 89

teeth that are not always present

Back 89

1. wolf teeth

2. canines

Front 90

oldest tooth in horse's head and most likely to fracture

Back 90

1st molar

Front 91

eruption time of 3.5 years

Back 91

1. 1st incisor

2. 2nd incisor

3. canine

Front 92

eruption time of 3 years

Back 92

1. wolf teeth

2. 2nd premolar

3. 3rd premolar

4. 4th premolar

5. 3rd molar

Front 93

eruption time of 2 years

Back 93

2nd molar

Front 94

eruption time of 4.5 years

Back 94

3rd incisor

Front 95

eruption time of 9-12 months

Back 95

1st molar

Front 96

rectus muscles which pull the eyeball

Back 96

1. dorsal

2. ventral

3. lateral

4. medial

Front 97

oblique muscles which rotate the eyeball

Back 97

1. dorsal

2. ventral

Front 98

pulls the eye back into the head and surrounds the optic nerve

Back 98

retractor bulbi muscle

Front 99

provides nourishment to the cornea

Back 99

lacrimal fluid

Front 100

contains the optic disc

Back 100

retina

Front 101

blind spot with no light sensitive cells

Back 101

optic disc

Front 102

anterior and posterior chambers filled with

Back 102

aqueous humour

Front 103

changes shape to focus

Back 103

the lens

Front 104

hole in the iris that allows light penetration

Back 104

the iris

Front 105

vascular tunic of the eye

Back 105

urea

Front 106

urea consists of

Back 106

1. choroid (which contains the tapetum)

2. ciliary body

3. iris

Front 107

makes eyes shine at night

Back 107

choroid

Front 108

responsible for focusing the lens

Back 108

ciliary body

Front 109

coloured portion of the eye

Back 109

iris

Front 110

no blood vessels in the

Back 110

cornea

Front 111

pupil dilation caused by

Back 111

sympathetic system

Front 112

pupil constriction caused by

Back 112

parasympathetic system

Front 113

major endocrine issues

Back 113

1. cushings

2. equine metabolic syndrome

Front 114

endocrine system regulates

Back 114

1. mood

2. reproduction

3. growth

4. metabolism

5. tissue function

Front 115

endocrine anatomy

Back 115

1. central nervous system

2. hypothalmus

3. anterior and posterior pituitary gland

4. cortex and medulla of adrenal gland

5. alpha and beta cells of pancreas

Front 116

hypothalmus secretes

Back 116

corticotropin releasing hormone

Front 117

anterior pituitary gland releases

Back 117

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 118

posterior pituitary gland releases

Back 118

1. oxytocin

2. antidiuretic hormone

Front 119

alpha cells

Back 119

produce glucagon

Front 120

beta cells

Back 120

produce insulin

Front 121

tell kidneys to decrease water loss in urine

Back 121

antidiuretic hormone

Front 122

causes adrenal gland to produce cortisol

Back 122

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 123

precursors to testosterone and estrogen

Back 123

androgens

Front 124

increases glucose in blood

Back 124

glucagon

Front 125

decreases glucose in blood

Back 125

insulin

Front 126

increases renal sodium reabsorption and excretion of potassium

Back 126

mineralocorticoids

Front 127

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Back 127

1. released due to stress or decreased blood levels of cortisol

2. decreases the immune system

3. increases blood sugar levels

4. increases protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Front 128

controls adrenocortical function

Back 128

hypothalmus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Front 129

tumor on pituitary gland causes constant production of cortisol

Back 129

cushings

Front 130

not producing enough cortisol

Back 130

septic foal

Front 131

tells hypothalmus and pituitary gland to stop secreting

Back 131

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