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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which meausre of central tendency is most sensitive to variation in individual scores?
The mean
What is "power"
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
What is counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing involves administering the treatments (different levels of the IV) in different orders to different groups of participants.
Counterbalancing helps control multiple treatment interference (also known as carry-over or order effects) that may result when multiple levels of the independent variable(s) are administered to the same participants.
Describe the relationship between validity and reliability
Reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity.

Reliability sets an upper limit on validity, which means that a valid test must also be a reliable test. However, high reliability does not guarantee validity – i.e., a test can be free from the effects of measurement error but not measure the attribute it was designed to measure.
In a normal curve If you remember that about 68% of scores fall between ________ standard deviations from the mean,
95% fall between ________ standard deviations from the mean
99% fall between __________ standard deviations from the mean
+1.0 and -1.0
+2.0 and -2.0
+3.0 and -3.0
How can you reduce the magnitude of denominator term (mean square) in the F-ratio?
decreasing within-group variability
What is a Type I error?
What is a Type II error?
Rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

retains the null hypothesis when it is false
What is criterion contamination?
occurs when a rater's knowledge of a person's predictor performance biases how he/she rates the person on the criterion - It will artificially inflating the correlation between the predictor and the criterion.
stepwise regression involves
adding (or subtracting) predictors to the multiple regression equation one at a time
In hierarchical multiple regression the addition of predictors to the equation is usually based on
A predefined model or theory
What are the 4 scales of measurement?
nominal (unordered categories like sex)
Ordinal (ordered categories - i.e. ranks)
Interval (ordered and at equal intervals - i.e. IQ test)
Ratio (ordered and equal intervals and absolute zero - i.e. temperature or percentages)
What is the relationship between mean, mode, and median in a skewed distribution?
In a positively skewed distribution the mean is greater than the median (which is always in the center) while in a negatively skewed the mean is less than the median
What measure of central tendency would you use for a nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scale?
Nominal = mode
Ordinal = mode or median
Interval = any
Ratio = any
What is: measure of variability?
Indicates the amount of heterogeneity or dispersion w/in a set of scores and includes the range, variance, and standard deviation
How is the range determined?

How is variance determined?

What is a standard deviation?
By subtracting the lowest score from the highest score (can be misleading if there are outliers)

Variance is the mean square (sum of squares calculated by subtracting the mean from each score). It is the average amount of variability in a distribution

calculated by taking square root of variance. A large SD = greater dispersion of scores around the mean.
The standard error of a mean is larger when?
The sample size is small
What does an alpha level of .05 mean?

If the alpha level in a two tailed test is .05, then the rejection region is?
5% of the smaple distribution represents the rejection region, 95% represents the retention region

divided equally b/w two tails (.025)
What can maximize power?
increasing alpha
increasing sample size
increasing effect size
minimizing error
one tailed test (when appropriate)
parametric test
What are two assumptions of parametric tests?
1) the value of interest is normally distributed in the population
2) when a study includes more than one group there is homoscedasticity (variance of pop that 2 groups represent is equal)
What type of nonparametric test is used for nominal data?
chi-square (used to analyze frequency data)
what type of nonparametric tests are used for ordinal data?
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon matched-pairs test
Kruskai-Wallis test
What type of parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data?
t-tests (to evaluate hypotheses about the differences between two means - for more than 2 means at a time use an ANOVA)

and ANOVAs (Analysis of variance. Used to compare 2 or more means by simultanewously making comparisons of group means while holding probability of making type I error)
What are degrees of freedom?
determines distributions exact shape. Calculated in t-test by # of subjects (N-1)
Calculated in chi-square by total # of categories (C-1)
What is a randomized block factorial ANOVA?

a repeated measure ANOVA?

a split-plot ANOVA?
treats extraneous variable as IV

used for within subject design where IV's are sequentially administered

used for a mixed design
What is effect size?

two measurements of effect size?
Used to evaluate practical or clinical significance of results

Cohen's d (measures difference b/w 2 groups)
R square and eta square (% of variance in the outome variable that is accounted for by variance in treatment)
1. What is the most common correlation coefficient?
2. What is a rank-ordered correlation coefficient?
3. What is used to assess nonlinear relationships
4. What is used to determine the relationship between a dichotomous variable and a continuous variable
5. What is used to evaluate artificial dichotomy?
1. Pearson Product Moment (r)
2. Spearman Rank-order (rho)
3. Eta
4. Point-biserial
5. biserial
What is regression analysis?
Technique that allows the use of a predictor to estimate performance on a criterion

best if groups are equal in size (multiple regression is useful when groups are unequal)
What type of correlation coefficient is used with nominal data?
Contingency
What is a simultaneous regression
"simple" regression that analyzes effects of all predictors on criterion at once
Cross-validation
tried out on another sample (causes coefficient to "shrink" and predictive accuracy to decrease)
What is path analysis?
translating theory @ causal relationships among varaibles into path diagram (multivariate technique)
What is liserel analsyis?
more complex, examines relatiohnships b/w variables and takes into account latent traits. (multivariate technique)
The Kuder-richardson Formula 20:
Is inappropriate for assessing the reliability of speeded tests because it produces a spuriously high reliability coefficient
If you want to measure whether a weight training program resulted in significant changes in weight and strength for a sample of body builders, the best test to use is:
a. MANOVA
b. paired t-test
c. repeated measures ANOVA
d. chi-square
Two DVs so a MANOVA
When processing data of "low quality," from small samples, or on variables about which nothing is known concerning their distribution, which statistical procedure would be most appropriate?
Nonparametric methods were developed to be used in cases when the researcher knows nothing about the parameters of the variable of interest in the population
The Solomon four-group design is used to:
evaluate the effects of pretesting
A psychologist uses a two-group pretest/posttest design to evaluate the effects of a new treatment. She obtains the following data:
PreTest Post Test
Group 1 Mean 13.4, SD 1.2 Mean 19.8, SD 1.5
Group 2 Mean 19.5, SD 1.5 Mean 21.7, SD 1.9

The biggest threat to this study's internal validity is
Selection: In this study the means of the two groups are very different initially (Pretest), which will make it hard to interpret the results. When internal validity is threatened by initial group differences, this threat is called selection.
To use the statistical technique known as trend analysis, you need
Trend analysis is what is sounds like; i.e., it is used to identify trends and, therefore, requires a QUANTITATIVE INDEPENDANT VARIABLE. You might use trend analysis, for example, to determine if amount of time you spend studying is related to your score on the licensing exam in a linear or nonlinear fashion
1. The standard error of estimate:

2. The standard error of the mean

3. Standard error of measurement
1. The error inherent in the best fit regression line (correlation coefficient)

2. standard error of the mean tells us how closely our sample mean approximates the population mean. (experiments and samples)

3. The standard error of measurement tells us how accurately an obtained score on a test estimates someone's true score on that test. (reliability of a test)
If data points are widely scattered around a regression line, it would indicate:
a lot of variance around the regression line indicates that the correlation isn't too high - so a LOW CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
What are 3 disadvantages of a repeated measures design
autocorrelation (observations obtained close together in time from the same subjects tend to be highly correlated)

Practice effects

Carryover effects
A significant finding for a one-way ANOVA indicates that
Population means were different; We use statistical tests to make inferences about a population. So if we have significant results, we assume that this represents what happens in the real world -- that is, in the population
Cluster analysis is used to
classify objects into homogeneous categories (not the same as cluster sampling which means choosing groups of participants rather than individuals)
A high KR-20 coefficient indicates:
a homogeneous test
Likert scales are most useful for:
quantifying subjective data