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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
stimulus generalization
re: classical conditioning |
responding with a CR not only to the CS, but to a stimuli similar to it
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stimulus discrimination
re: classical conditioning |
learning to respond only in the presence of the original CS
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experimental neurosis
re: classical conditioning |
results from making an organsim make difficult discriminations between similar stimuli
characterized by restlesness, agressiveness & fear |
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higher-order/second-order conditioning
re: classical conditioning |
new CR produced by using previous CS as an US
e.g. light paried with bell to produce salivation |
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pseudoconditioning
re: classical conditioning |
when a neutral stimulus that hasn't been deliberately paired with US, elicits a response similar to the UR
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study: Little Albert
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Watson
developed a phobic response to white rat (CS) when paired with noise (US) experienced stimulus generalization |
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spontaneous recovery
re: classical conditioning |
once something is learned, ibt is never forgotten (only inhibited)
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sensate focus
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Masters & Johnson
pairing anxiety provoking situations with plesaurable physical sensations and relaxation |
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Schedules of reinforcement (4 - least effective to most effective)
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fixed interval
e.g hourly wage variable interval e.g. pop quizzes fixed ratio e.g piecework variable ratio e.g. gambling |
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stimulus control
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whether or not a response will be reinforced is signaled by cues in the environment
e.g. pigeon reinforced for pecking keep when green light on (+ve discrim. stimulus) and red light off (-ve discrim. stimulus) |
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positive discriminative stimuli
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signals a behaviour will be reinforced
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negative discriminative stimuli
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signlas a behaviour will not be reinforced
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thinning
re: operant conditioning |
reducing proportion of reinforcements
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fading
re: operant conditioning |
gradual removal of prompt
e.g. reminder to clean room |
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differential reinforcement
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positive reinforcment of all behaviours EXCEPT target behaviour (e.g. tic)
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Accoring to Rehm, 3 aspects of self-control increase a person's vulnerability to depression...
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self-monitoring - selective inattention
self-evalutation - inaccurate internal attributions self-reinforcement - low self-reward; high self-punishment |
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3 processes of menory acquisition and recall
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Encoding
Storage Retrieval |
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Information processing approach (3 stages)
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1. Sensory memory
2. STM - primary memory (5-9 units); working memory (chunking) 3. LTM |
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STM memory begins to fade after _____ (time)
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30 seconds
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Average capacity of STM is _____ (items)
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5-9
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anterograde amnesisa
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cannot retain new information
i.e. info cannot be transferred from STM to LTM |
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retrograde amnesia
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loss of memory for events before trauma
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serial position effect
re: memory |
items at beginning (LTM + rehearsal) and end (STM)of list are recalled better
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types of LTM (3)
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1. prodedural or implicit- how to do things
2. declarative or explicit - facts (semantic & declarative) 3. Prospective - remembering things in future |
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types of declarative LTM (2)
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1. Semantic - knowlege about language; common sense knowledge, rules of logic
2. Episodic (autobiographical) - personal experiences |
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what type of memory is most affect by normal aging?
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episodic memory
- a type of LT declarative memory (vs. semantic) |
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flashbulb memories
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vivid, photographically-detailed memories of emotionally-charged experiences
e.g. where were you when Kennedy was shot |
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metamemory
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knowing how to know
i.e. knowledge of how to learn |
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metacognition
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knowing about knowing
e.g. knowledge and ability to manipulate own cognitions |
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theories about forgetting (3)
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trace decay theory
interference theory cue-dependent theory |
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trace decay theory
re: forgetting |
learning produces physiological change which decays over time as a result of disuse
BUT memory can survive without practice |
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interference theory
re: forgetting |
RETROACTIVE interference when newly-learned material interferes with previously-learned material
PROACTIVE interference when prior learning interfreres with recall of subsequent material |
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cue-dependent forgetting
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when cues needed to retrieve info are insufficient or incomplete
e.g. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
re: memory |
moderate levels of arousal assoc with optimal learning (inverted-U relationship)
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What is biofeedback most effective for?
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Raynaud's disease
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overcorrection
re: operant technique |
positive punishment to eliminate undesirable behaviour by:
1. restitution - correction of effects of behaviour 2. positive practice of desirable behaviour |