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255 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which theory of emotion is this?
Emotions result from internal information (hypothalamus and limbic system) AND external information (context) |
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
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Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
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model or response to severe stress, consisting of three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion
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Aversive Counterconditioning is used to treat
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maladaptive behaviors: smoking, excessive drinking, paraphilias
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Criterion Contamination occurs when
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Scores on the criterion are influenced by one's knowledge of predictor scores. Results in high criterion-related validity coefficient.
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Halo effect is
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generalizing from one characteristic of the person (ex: she is attractive) to other aspects (ex: she performs well at work)
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Recency bias occurs when
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Evaluations cover an extended period of time (ex: one yr) and the evaluator is most influenced by recent performance (ex: within last month).
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Circadian clock is located in the
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hypothalamus
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Circadian clock is responsible for the
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sleep-wake patterns
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Circadian clock is the
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suprachiasmic nucleus (SNA) - signals the pineal gland in the hypothalamus to produce melatonin, which causes drop in body temp and sleepiness
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Reticular Activating System filters
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incoming sensory information; can activate a person into a state of alert wakefulness
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On the MMPI-2, the L Score measures
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naive attempt to present favorably
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On the MMPI-2, the F scale measures
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infrequently endorsed items; can be used to assess overall distress and pathology, attempts to fake bad, or random responding
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On the MMPI-2, VRIN and TRIN measure
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inconsistency or random responding
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The APA Ethics Code prohibits fee splitting between professionals when
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the fee splitting is based on referrals. For example, a referral source receives 5% of a patient's on-going fees. Fee splitting is ok if it is based on services provided (ex: provision of supervision).
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According to the APA Ethics Code, fee-splitting is permissible if it is based on
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services provided
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All standard error formulas express error in terms of ___ ___ units
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standard deviation
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Marcia's "foreclosure" state of adolescence can be described as
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teen has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis
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Marcia's "identity achievement" state of adolescence can be described as
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teen has experienced an identity crisis and has made commitments to build sense of identity
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Marcia's "moratorium" state of adolescence
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teen is in a crisis but has not made a commitment
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Marcia's "identity diffusion" stage of adolescence can be described as
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lacks direction, absence of crisis and commitment
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the standard error of the estimate is affected by which 2 variables?
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the SD of the criterion and criterion-related validity
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Wernicke's deals with what type of language?
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Receptive - considered an APHASIA. Also called a sensory aphasia. Normal fluency, impaired comprehension.
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Broca's deals with what type of language?
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Expressive - considered an APHASIA. Also called a motor aphasia. Intact language comprehension, poor articulation.
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Agnosia is
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failure to recognize sensory stimuli
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Aphasia is
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a problem with speech
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Construct validity looks at
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how adequately a test measures an underlying hypothetical construct/trait
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What does "behavioral contrast" mean and who coined the term?
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Applies to the situation in which 2 behaviors are initially reinforced at equal levels and then one behavior stops being reinforced. The behavior that is no longer being reinforced decreases in frequency, while the behavior that continues to be reinforced increases in frequency. (this is all about reinforcement - SKINNER)
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To minimize discrimination, employment testing has moved from standardized tests in the direction of
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work sample tests
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Alpha waves occur during
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periods of relaxed wakefulness - especially just before falling asleep
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Theta waves occur
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just before falling asleep
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Delta waves occur
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in stages 3 and 4, are slow waves, and occur in the deepest, non-dreaming part of sleep
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REM sleep is what type of sleep?
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dreaming sleep - rapid eye movement, increased respiration and heart rate, relaxed muscle tone
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Response cost occurs when
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someone loses something for misbehavior (privileges, token) - it is an example of NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
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Negative reinforcement involves
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removing something aversive (ex: a slap, shock) to increase behavior
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Operant extinction involves
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withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior
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The range of the standard error of measurement is
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0 to SD of the test
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The range of the validity coefficient is from
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-1 to +1
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The range of the reliability coefficient is from
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0 to +1
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The range of the standard error of the estimate is from
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0 to the standard deviation of the criterion
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Mediated generalization is another name for
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stimulus generalization
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Easiest way to calculate adverse impact:
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Multiply hiring rate for non-minorities by .8
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Job enrichment is
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expanding jobs to give employees a greater role in planning and performing their work - partly based on Herzberg's 2-Factor Theory
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Herzberg's 2-Factor Theory predicts
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increasing employee's responsibility (a motivator) will result in increased satisfaction and performance
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Vroom's Expectancy Theory asserts that
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people behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy that certain rewards will follow
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What is Equity Theory?
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Based on the Social Comparison Theory - looks at the ratio of self inputs/self outcomes versus others' inputs/others' outcomes
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Assimilation (Piaget)
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Incorporating a new experience into an already established mental structure - child calling a bird a plane
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Accomodation (Piaget)
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Modifying or expanding a cognitive schema to take in new information
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variable ratio is based on
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unpredictable responses. ex: slot machines
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fixed ratio is based on
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same number of responses each time
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interval schedules are based on
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elapsed time
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What is the self-serving bias?
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Predicts the kinds of attributions we make for our successes (internal) vs our failures (external)
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Respondant conditioning is the same thing as
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Pairing an initially neutral stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (a classical conditioning phenomenon) Ex: Doritos with getting sick
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Effect size is a measure of
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SD
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The average effect size found in recent psychotherapy outcome research is
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.85 (meaning treated people do about .85 of a SD better than untreated individuals)
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fundamental attribution error
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people's tendency to make dispositional attributions about others' behavior
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self-serving bias
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people's tendency to make dispositional attributions for their success and situational attributions for their failure
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Watson is associated with
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classical conditioning
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Skinner is associated with
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reinforcement
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Chi square
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a non-parametric test of differences, used when data are nominal or categorical -- cannot be run when repeated observations are made (when data are collected pre and post)
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What neurotransmitter is involved with anxiety, epilepsy, and schizophrenia?
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GABA
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A manager adhering to Theory Y assumes people are
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creative and seek responsibility
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Single subject designs involve what kind of approach?
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Idiographic (any "idiot" can do them)
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Group designs involve what kind of approach?
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Nomothetic (nomads walk in groups)
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What is DRO?
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Differential reinforcement for other behaviors - combines operant extinction for an undesired behavior with reinforcement for a more appropriate behavior (ex: ignoring Moose when he whines; giving him a treat when he is quiet)
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What is power?
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the ability to correctly reject the null
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What is Type II error?
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BETA - incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis
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what is job enlargement?
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increasing the variety of tasks but not the responsibility
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what is job enrichment?
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increasing employees' responsibility and involvement
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How do you determine if a stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned?
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Ask yourself if the response to it is universal! Ex: does everyone get sexually stimulated when they see a shoe? No - so a shoe fetish is a conditioned stimulus
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What is valence?
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the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome of a situation (Vroom's Expectancy Theory)
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What is expectancy?
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EXPECTING that your work will result in successful performance. EX - If I work harder, this will be better(Vroom's Expectancy Theory)
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What is instrumentality?
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Hard work will result in rewards (Vroom's Expectancy Theory)
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Masters & Johnson's sensate focus is based on:
counterconditioning aversive counterconditioning positive reinforcement negative reinforcement |
Counterconditioning. A person learns a new response (pleasurable feeling) that is incompatible with a problematic response (performance anxiety)
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What is aversive counterconditioning?
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Pairing a pleasurable but problematic conditioned stimulus (ex: taste of alcohol) with a more powerful, aversive conditioned stimulus (ex: throwing up after taking Antabuse)
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What is referent power?
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Identifying with those who are role models (Paul)
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What is legitimate power?
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Identifying those who are at the top of the hierarchy (David)
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What is coercive power?
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Power to force someone to do something against their will (Bob, b/c he can evaluate me poorly)
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What is expert power?
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Assuming the power-holder has superior skills
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When does "unfairness" occur?
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When predictor scores (tests) are different but criterion scores (performance outcome) are similar
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What is differential validity?
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Different criterion-related validity coefficients for different ethnic groups
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What 2 things can you do to increase the standard error of the mean?
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Increase the SD of the population and decrease the sample size
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What is the formula for the standard error of the mean?
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SD/sq root of N (sample size)
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Meichenbaum is known for
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1. CBT - Positive Self-Statements
2. Self-Instructional Therapy - form of CBT that is used for kids with ADHD |
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The reciprocity hypothesis states that
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People tend to like people who like them
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The right hemisphere is involved with
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perceptual, visuospatial, artistic, musical, and intuitive activities
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The left hemisphere is involved with
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language, and being analytical, logical, and abstract
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What is fluid intelligence?
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organization of info and novel problem-solving
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What do Broca's, Wernicke's, and conduction aphasias all have in common?
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Difficulty repeating words
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Retroactive inhibition occurs when
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newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information
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Proactive inhibition occurs when
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previously learned information interferes with the recall of newly learned material
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What is a primary reinforcer?
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reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (ex: FOOD!)
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What is a secondary reinforcer?
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has reinforcing value only through experience (Ex: a father's smile)
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What should a psychologist do if ethics and the law conflict?
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"Make known (his/her) commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict" - if this fails, you can then comply with the law
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Huntington's Disease is characterized by
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motor (jerks and spasms) and affective (irritability, depression) disturbances
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Preference for handedess first expresses itself at ___ and becomes firmly established by age ___
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2, 7-8
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The goal(s) of the Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct:
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protection of consumers AND education regarding ethical standards of conduct
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What is Item Response Theory?
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Calculates the extent a specific item on a test correlates with an underlying construct. Ex: if I answered a difficult stats question, I am high on the latent trait of "statistics ability". These Qs can be used to develop individually tailored adaptive tests, in which an answer to one question in a domain area determines whether another question in that area will be asked.
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What is overjustification?
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When people are reinforced for behaviors they would normally do without reinforcement (ex: read books). When the reinforcement is taken away, there is often a decrease in behavior.
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What is the Barnum Effect?
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People's tendency to agree that vague descriptions apply to them. Ex: Horoscopes
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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(Same as Rosenthal Effect) Tendency of experimenters to inject their bias into the experiment so that it comes out fulfilling their hypothesis (unwittingly hinting to subjects how they should respond)
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Instrumental learning is associated with which 2 theorists?
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Thorndike and Skinner
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Who developed the law of effect?
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Thorndike (says that people will repeat an action that had a previously pleasurable outcome)
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What is the law of effect?
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People repeat behaviors that have positive consequences (Thorndike) - like Skinner's positive reinforcement
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Who coined the term latent learning?
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Tolman
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What is the difference between habituation and classical extinction?
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Habituation is a concept from classical conditioning - occurs when a person is repeatedly exposed to an US and the UR eventually decreases (people habituate to the hum of a computer). Classical extinction is repeated presentation of the CS without the US - pairing b/t the two is extinguished.
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Which comes first - HIPAA or state law?
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Whichever law provides stricter protections for patient privacy. If the two contradict, follow HIPAA.
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What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
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Sweating, trembling, restlessness, dizziness
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What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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Weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue, impaired memory and intellectual functioning, and sensitivity to cold
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What are the symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal?
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dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, and increased appetite
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A "time-out" is based on
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operant extinction (initially there may be a "response burst" or an 'extinction burst" during which the bx actually increases)
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What is reciprocal inhibition?
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2 incompatible responses can't be experienced at the same time (ex: anxiety and relaxation) - a classical conditioning term. The stronger response will inhibit the weaker one
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Social loafing is
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the tendency to get less work done when in a group in which individual effort is not being monitored
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Groupthink tends to occur most in what type of groups with what types of leaders?
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highly cohesive groups with autocratic leaders
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alloplastic
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trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment (it's ALL someone else's fault - people with Personality Disorders use this defense)
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autoplastic
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trying to change oneself or blaming oneself (neurotic people use this defense)
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Etic
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a non-culture specific approach that looks for universal principles (Maslow)
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Emic
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a culture specific approach (Gilligan)
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When does temporal conditioning occur?
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When the US is repeatedly presented at a constant time interval or on a fixed schedule. Time begins to act as the CS. (Ex: if Moose is fed at noon and midnight, he begins to anticipate his feeding time and may salivate at those times. The food is the US, time becomes the CS, and his salivation becomes the CR.)
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What is the actor-observer bias?
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People attribute their own actions to situational factors and attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors.
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Hedonistic bias is also known as the
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self-serving bias
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What is cluster sampling?
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Identifying naturally occurring groups/clusters (schools in a school district) and then randomly selecting certain of these clusters Ex: Dividing the pop. into groups based on CA counties and then randomly selecting samples from randomly selected counties.
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What is decalage?
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Unevenness in development - cognitive, emotional, moral (ex: a MR teen who has the cognitive capacity of a 2nd grader but sexual urges of a teenager)
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Reliability is synonymous with
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Consistency
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Homoscedasticity refers to
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similar variability among groups or data. H is an assumption of parametric tests and bivariate correlation coefficients.
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Definition of the fundamental attribution error
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When someone overestimates the internal and underestimates the external, especially when people fail
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Definition of the self-serving bias
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When you succeed, it is internal. When you fail, it is external.
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monotrait-heteromethod is what type of validity?
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convergent (MC)
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heterotrait-monomethod is what type of validity?
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divergent (HD)
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According to classical test theory, total variance in scores is equal to
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true variance (reliability) and error variance - X=T+E
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What does the term iatrogenic mean?
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It is a medical term that refers to illness or complications, especially infections, that are caused in the course of receiving medical treatment (ex: a patient contracts TB while in the hospital)
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Holophrasic speech is
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Using a single word to express an idea (between the ages of 12 and 18 months - ex: "up" instead of "pick me up")
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Telegraphic speech is
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a form of two-word, noun-verb sentences (between the ages of 18 and 24 months of age - ex: "give candy" instead of "I'd like you to give me some candy")
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Withdrawal from amphetamines is characterized by
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dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation
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Withdrawal from amphetamines is characterized by
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dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation
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Opioid withdrawal is characterized by
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flu-like symptoms
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Instrumental conditioning is another name for
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Operant conditioning
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Pairing an initially neutral stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus is also called
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Respondent conditioning (ex: Tim eating Doritos and getting sick) - a classical conditioning phenomenon
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What is sexual dimorphism?
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Sexual dimorphism refers to the systematic differences between individuals of different sex in the same species. Humans have less of this than other species.
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Which schedules of reinforcement result in rates that are smooth and steady, before and after reinforcement?
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Variable
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Which schedules of reinforcement result in rates that are scalloped?
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Fixed (most dramatic in fixed interval - FI = FISH)
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In operant extinction, what is withheld?
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Reinforcement
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In classical extinction, what is withheld?
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The US (the CS is repeatedly presented without the US)
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Which of the following is the essential component of classical conditioning?
1. The CS is presented after the US 2. The US is presented after the CS |
2 (1=backwards conditioning)
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What is a fixed ratio schedule based on?
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reinforcement is provided after the target behavior has been emitted a certain number of times (every 5 questions)
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What is a variable ratio schedule based on?
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reinforcement is provided after the target behavior has been emitted a certain number of times (about every 5 questions)
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Common side effects of Beta Blockers?
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Impotence, tiredness, nightmares
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What is object constancy?
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The ability to unify the good and bad aspects of the mother into a whole(Mahler)
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Example of a fixed ratio?
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Car dealer gets $1000 bonus for every 10 cards sold
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Example of a fixed interval?
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Paycheck every 2 weeks
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Example of a variable ratio?
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Slot machine
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Example of a variable interval?
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Pop quiz
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What is source memory?
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The ability to remember context in which material was learned.
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What is the risky shift?
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The tendency to make riskier decisions when acting in a group vs. acting alone
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Tonic-Clonic seizures are associated with what type of seizures?
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Grand mal (Tonic Stage = continuous tension; Clonic Stage = Alternate muscle contractions and relaxation)
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Petit mal seizure is also called what type of seizure?
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Absence seizure (Occur most in kids; last 1-10 seconds; brief change in consciousness)
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Complex partial seizures are characterized by
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an aura, followed by purposeless behavior (aimless wandering), lip smacking, unintelligible speech
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A PET scan shows
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Brain activity/functioning
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What is structural equation modeling used for?
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It enables researchers to make inferences about causation, and can be used to test out many different causal pathways, involving multiple predictor and criterion variables.
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What is a partial correlation?
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The association between two variables, when each variable's association with another variable has been removed
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What does an ANCOVA do?
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Examines the differences between groups (a variant of an ANOVA)
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What is the coefficient of determination?
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It is the term for the proportion of variance shared by two variables and it is the square of the correlation coefficient
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Apraxia and left-right confusion indicate damage to which lobe?
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parietal
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What is an approach-avoidance conflict?
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A situation where there are both desirable and undesirable results (ex: a man is offered a job with great pay but lots of travel)
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What is an approach-approach conflict?
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A person must choose between two favorable alternatives (ex: a woman is offered a job that pays more than her current job, but she likes her job)
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What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
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A person has to choose between two unfavorable alternatives, with negative results
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An example of a criterion-referenced score would be:
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a percentage score (tells us how someone did on some external criterion)
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Factor analysis can be performed using _________ or _______ rotations.
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orthogonal or oblique
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In an orthogonal rotation, the factors are/are not correlated?
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are not
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In an oblique rotation, the factors are/are not correlated?
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are (this is more reflective of the real world)
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When is a pooled error term used (when running an ANOVA)?
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When there is homogeneity of the variance (i.e. when the variance is about equal for each group - "when things are equal they can be POOLED together")
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What is the forced choice method of evaluation?
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Raters are given a list of pairs of equally desirable/undesirable behaviors and are then required to rate each employee by choosing from the pair. This minimizes rater biases and does not involve rating an employee relative to his/her peers.
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The DSM-IV uses a ________ system for making diagnoses
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polythetic (Each member of the category must possess a certain minimal number of defining characteristics, but none of the features has to be found in each member of the category)
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Incremental validity is
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the amount of improvement in success rate that results from using a predictor test (associated with CRITERION-related validity)
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What is a flashbulb memory?
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A memory of a distinct, vivid event that is usually (but not always) of a traumatic event.
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What are the 5 stages of brain development?
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Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, Myelination, Synaptogenesis (PETE MAKES DELICIOUS MEALs)
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Stimulants most likely achieve their affect by
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increasing dopamine and serotonin
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Fear and confusion are seen in what type of attachment style?
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Disorganized/Disoriented (also - an inconsistent, ambivalent response)
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What is the Hawthorne Effect?
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The tendency of people to do better when they know they are being observed.
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Which of the following is a criterion-based score?
a)percentile b)percentage c)standard score d)IQ score |
b)percentage score (b/c a criterion-based score tells you how you did in relation to an external criterion)
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What is a moderator variable?
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A variable that influences the strength of the relationship b/t two other variables
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What is a mediator variable?
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A variable that explains why there is a relationship b/t the predictor and the criterion
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What is conjunctive scoring?
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A type of scoring where scores must be looked at individually - also known as multiple cutoff (NOT compensatory)
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Maslow's need hierarchy consists of (5 Needs)
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1. Physiological
2. Safety 3. Belonging and Love (Social Needs) 4. Esteem 5. Self-Actualization |
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What is dystonia?
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Contractions of the face, neck, and tongue (dys=impairment and tone=muscle tone)
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When should you use an ANCOVA?
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When unexpected differences are found among treatment groups with regard to an extraneous variable.
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Quality Assurance focuses on
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availability, access, adequacy, appropriateness of services (QA has an A in it!)
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Utilization Review focuses on
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cost and conserving resources
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What is explicit memory?
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Knowledge of facts. Also called declarative.
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What is implicit memory?
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Knowledge of skills that are automatic. Also called procedural.
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The WISC-IV has a ____ ceiling and a ___ floor
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low (makes it hard to assess gifted children); high (hard to assess MR). Stanford-Binet is better.
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Damage due to Broca's is located in which area of the brain?
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left frontal (trouble with speaking)
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Damage due to Wernicke's is located in which area of the brain?
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temporal (trouble with comprehension)
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What is confabulation and why does it occur?
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Recitation of fabricated or imagined information - occurs b/c of anterograde amnesia common in Korsakoff's
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Are contingencies applied before or after the behavior is emitted?
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ALWAYS AFTER!
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A systemic family therapist would work on
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Milan - circular questioning, hypothesis formation
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A family systems therapist would work on
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Bowen - differentiation
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What is group/response polarization?
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the tendency for people in groups to become more extreme in their views
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What is groupthink?
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Occurs when people in groups are seeking consensus and they suspend their decision-making capabilities.
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When are infant tests of intelligence good predictors?
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In later years for low scorers
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What is a key principle underlying Montessori schooling?
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cognitive development is enhanced by exposure to sensory-motor stimuli
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What is Bayes' Theorem?
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It describes the relation among various conditional probabilities
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What is phenomenalistic causality?
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A type of magical thinking in which events that occur together are thought to cause one another (Piaget - occurs ages 2-7)
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What is the Latin Square used for?
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To control for carryover effects when repeated measures are used
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When is the Solomon Four-Group design used?
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To control for the effects of testing
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What did the M'Naughten Rule (1843) determine?
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provided the basis for the insanity defense
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According to Gestalt therapy, introjection results in
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unexamined values and beliefs
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What is introjection?
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Taking in what others say whole, without one's own critical analysis
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What are the key elements of Meichenbaum's self-instruction?
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repetition, cognitive restructuring, and graded practice (the therapist models the task, verbalizes steps out loud - eventually the client does it)
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What is episodic memory?
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Recalling the time and place that an event occurred
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What is semantic memory?
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Factual memory
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When is a discriminant analysis used?
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Used when several IVs are used to predict group membership (ex: study time, anxiety level, GPA used to predict EPPP pass rate)
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What is the purpose of Organizational Development (OD)?
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To bring about planned change - uses systems theory; focuses on relationships
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When an individual mistakes external stimuli for something else, she is experiencing
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illusions
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Reality therapy focuses on
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helping the client examine her actions and values
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The catecholamine hypothesis says what two neurotransmitters are involved in depression?
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dopamine and norepinephrine (need an increase)
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Anosagnosia is
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lack of awareness or denial of disease
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What is the contrast effect?
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Occurs when the judge's rating of a particular subject is influenced by the prior subject. (Ex: Rating "Joe" as very polite vs. "Sue" even when he's not, just because she is particularly rude)
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What is the halo effect?
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Rating someone on something irrelevant (ex: he's handsome/punctual)
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Key concepts in Donald Super's theory of career development?
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Career maturity occurs when a person accomplishes career-related developmental tasks across a lifespan
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What is Holland known for?
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Fit b/t personality and work environment
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What is Krumboltz known for?
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social learning theory of career development
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What are Herzberg's lower-level needs?
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Pay, working conditions, supervision (JOB CONTEXT) - result in dissatisfaction when they are inadequate, but do not produce satisfaction when they are met
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What are Herzberg's higher-level needs?
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Need for achievement, responsibility, opportunity (JOB CONTENT) - increase satisfaction when they are met
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Seizures that involve half the body are
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Simple partial
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According to the APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, a psychologist should provide feedback after an evaluation and assessment
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Always, unless precluded by legal or organizational reasons (ex: when doing a job assessment or court-ordered testing you might not give feedback)
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What is prospective memory?
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Remembering what one had planned to do at a certain time (Ex: Take a walk at 4pm)
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Anosagnosia is
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The inability to recognize one's deficits (Nose doesn't KNOW his deficits!)
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What is accommodation?
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Adjusting to demands by reorganizing, modifying, expanding cognitive structures (ex: adding a second floor onto an existing house)
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HIPAA documentation must be kept for __ years
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SIX
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What is a formative evaluation?
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One that looks at a program on an ongoing basis
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Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career development focuses on
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the processes of differentiation and integration
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What does the Dopamine Hypothesis say?
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Schizophrenia results from too much dopamine. (Cocaine intoxication supports this theory, because it results in hallucinations - cocaine increases availability of serotonin and dopamine)
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What is centrism?
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Piaget's preoperational concept - a child's inability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem at a time (ex: A young girl has difficulty understanding that her mother is also the daughter of her grandmother)
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What are the four stages of Troiden's model of gay/lesbian development?
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1. Sensitization
2. Identity Confusion 3. Identity Assumption 4. Commitment |
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According to the Ethics Code, psychologists who seek to practice in forensic settings must
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become reasonably familiar with the judicial rules governing their roles
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When should a psychiatrist prescribe an atypical antipsychotic?
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When treating negative symptoms (affective flattening, alogia - poverty of speech, avolition - lack of motivation); When there is a history of TD; When others haven't worked
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Negative attitudes towards persons who have a homosexual orientation is known as
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Heterosexism (homophobia=fear of)
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Chunking is associated with
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Encoding
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What does the Gate Control Theory have to do with?
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Pain. Says that there are chemical gates that reside in the neural pathway in the spinal cord that carries messages of pain from the body to the brain. Can be open (by negative emotions) or closed (by positive emotions).
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What neurotransmitter does alcohol exert its effect on?
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GABA (alcohol has same effect as benzodiazepines)
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Meta-Analysis involves
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Combining the results of studies into an effect size
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Beta waves predominate
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during alert WAKEFULNESS (to paint Beta Bridge you have to be awake)
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What kind of memory can retain an exact copy of what is seen for a second?
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Sensory. Stores visual (iconic - 1 second) or auditory (echoic - 4 seconds)
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According to behaviorists, depression results from
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not enough reinforcement from the environment
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What is the difference between a disjunctive test vs. a conjunctive test?
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A disjunctive test requires the team's best performance to win; a conjunctive test looks at the team's worst performer as the winner.
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Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is the most direct indicator of group outcome success?
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Cohesion
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If you want to change your specialty and you already have a doctorate, what do you need to do?
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Get training AND experience.
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How long does sensory memory hold information?
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Less than 2 seconds (in general)
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Galton's theory of intelligence stated that
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intelligence is an inherited trait that is distributed normally across the population
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Thurston's theory of intelligence stated that
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people have varying degrees of intelligence (used factor analysis)
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Guilford's theory of intelligence stated that
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convergent and divergent thinking are dimensions of intelligence (120)
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What is apraxia (vs. ataxia)?
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aPraxia is loss of purposive movements - cannot perform purposeful actions (think of the P in aPraxia) due to brain damage. ATAXIA is loss of full control of bodily movements.
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Signs of social inhibition are seen by what age?
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2-4 months
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What is the upper limit of the validity coefficient?
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The square root of the reliability coefficient
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Which statement is most correct?
a. high reliability assumes high validity b. high validity assumes high reliability c. low validity assumes low reliability d. low reliability assumes low validity |
B.
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