Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are Catecholamines?
|
Neurotransmitters: Affect PERSONALITY, MOOD, MEMORY, and SLEEP
3 types are: NOREPINEPHRINE EPINEPHRINE (Adrenaline) DOPAMINE-regulates movement and reinforces substance addiction |
|
|
What are Serotonins?
|
INHIBITORY neurotransmitters
Depression if high PTSD, OCD, Aggression if low |
|
|
What are the Spinal Cord parts and their functions?
|
31 sections divided into 5 groups:
CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR SACRAL COCCYGEAL Spinal cord is composed of the nerve cells and the interneurons FUNCTIONS: To carry information between the brain and PNS. Coordinate the the right and left side of the body Control all the simple reflexes that do not involve the brain Superior portion carry sensory messages Inferior portion transmit motor messages |
|
|
What happens when the Spinal Cord is damaged?
|
Damage at
Cervical level: QUADRIPLEGIA Thoracic level: PARAPLEGIA Complete damage: Total lack of sensation and voluntary movement below the site of the injury Incomplete damage: Some sensory and motor function below the site of injury will be there Cerebrospinal Fluid flow if obstructed from the four ventricles: HYDROCEPHALUS develops causing enlargement of the ventricles |
|
|
How does the CNS develop?
|
5 stages in the development
1st:PROLIFERATION: (2.5 week) new cells produced in the neural tube 2nd: MIGRATION: (8 weeks) neurons move to the right places in the brain and start forming structures 3rd: DIFFERENTIATION: neurons begin to develop axons and dendrites 4th: MYELINATION: Glial cells form insulating protective sheath around the axons of some cells 5th: SYNAPTOGENIC: Synapses form, Occurs at various periods based on the brain's internal schedule and experience, |
|
|
What is the structure and function of the Peripheral nervous system?
|
Composed of nerves
Transmit messages between the central nervous system and the sensory organs, muscles, and glands. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 sets of sensory and motor nerves that link up to the spinal cord Somatic nervous system (SNS) and the Autonomic nervous system (ANS). The SNS controls voluntary motions by relaying messages from the sense receptors to the CNS ANS is primarily concerned with involuntary motions, and connects the viscera to the CNS. Sympathetic branch of the ANS is associated with arousal and the discharge of energy Parasympathetic branch is concerned with acts of relaxation and digestion. |
|
|
What are the parts and functions of the Midbrain?
|
PART:
Reticular formation that extends from the spinal cord through hindbrain, and midbrain to the hypothalamus in the forebrain 90+ groups of neurons FUNCTIONS: Essential to Consciousness, Arousal, Wakefulness Regulates sensory input especially during sleep DAMAGES to the RAS causes disturbance to the sleep-wake cycle May fall permanently asleep Anesthetists depress RAS during surgery |
|
|
What are the parts and functions of the Hindbrain?
|
PARTS:
Located at the base of the brain near the spinal cord Medulla and pons combine with the cerebellum FUNCTIONS: MEDULLA: regulates the flow of information b/w SC and the brain and coordinates Swallowing, Coughing, Sneezing, and Heart rate PONS: bridges the two halves of the brain, coordinates movement between the right and left side of the body CEREBELLUM: manages balance and posture, and coordinated refined movements Cerebellum DAMAGE results in Ataxia: slurred speech, tremors, loss of balance AUTISTICs have smaller than normal cerebellum |
|
|
What are the parts and function of the Basal Ganglia?
|
Is part of the Forebrain, includes; CAUDATE NUCLEUS, PUTAMEN, GLOBUS PALLIDUS, & SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
FUNCTIONS: Plans voluntary movement, controls amplitude and direction of movement Responsible for showing emotions, smiling/frowning ABNORMALITIES: can cause Parkinson's, Tourette's, Huntington's, Mania, Depression and Psychosis |
|
|
What are the parts of the Forebrain?
|
Composed of both Cortical and Subcortical structures
SUBCORTICAL STRUCTRES: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, and the Limbic system |
|
|
What is the Amygdala and what does it do?
|
It is a part of the forebrain
It directs motivational and emotional functions Deals with emotionally charged memories |
|
|
What is the Hippocampus and what does it do?
|
It is a part of the forebrain
It processes Spatial, Verbal and Visual information Consolidates declarative memories |
|
|
What does the Thalamus do?
|
It is a part of the forebrain
It takes sensory input (not olfactory) and sends it to the right parts of the brain Damage/Atrophy to this may cause Karsakoff syndrome |
|
|
What is the Hypothalamus and what does it do?
|
Part of the forebrain subcortical structure
Linked to Hunger, Thirst, Sex, Sleep, Body Temp, Movement, Emotional reactions Regulates the pituitary and other glans to maintain homeostasis Suprachismatic nucleus is part of hypothalamus and controls circadian rhythm Damage to the hypothalamus causes out of control emotions |
|
|
What is the Cerebral Cortex and what does it do?
|
PARTS:
Neocortex, largest part of the brain Divided into right and left hemisphere Each hemisphere divided into four lobes Frontal Lobe: Motor, Premotor and Prefontal areas FUNCTIONS: Primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements Premotor cortex contains Broca's area, which helps produce speech DAMAGE to Broca's causes Aphasia: inability to produce written or spoken language Prefrontal Cortex involved in Memory, Emotion, Self-awareness, and Executive Functioning DAMAGE: causes Pseudodepression, Pseudopsychosis, trouble with abstract thinking |
|
|
What is the Parietal Lobe and what does it do?
|
PART of the Cerebral Cortex, includes Somatosensory Cortex
FUNCTION: Controls sensation of Pressure, Pain, Temperature, Gustation & Proprioception DAMAGE: Spatial disorientation Apraxia (inability to perform sophisticated motor movement) Somatosensory Agnosia such as; Tactile Agnosia (the inability to recognize familiar items by touch) Anosognosia (unaware of one's own brain disorder) Asomatognosia (inability to recognize parts of one's own body) Damage to the Right side causes inability to concieve of and control the left side of the body Damage to Left side causes ideational apraxia (inability to follow a simple set of directions |
|
|
What is the Occipital Lobe and what does it do?
|
PART of the Cerebral Cortex, includes Visual cortex
Function: Manages Visual Perception, Recognition, and Memory DAMAGE: Visual Hallucination Visual Agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects by sight) Cortical blindness Damage to the Left Occipital Lobe causes Simultagnosia (inability to see either more than one thing, or more than one aspect of a thing at a time) Damage to the intersection of Occipital, Temporal and Parietal Lobes causes Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize familiar faces) |
|
|
What is the Temporal Lobe and what does it do?
|
PART of the Cerebral Cortex; Auditory cortex,
FUNCTION: Processes audible sensation Wernicke's area FUNCTION: Comprehension of language DAMAGE: Sever problems with language comprehension and production Other smaller parts FUNCTIONS: encoding, Storage and Retrieval of long-term memory Electrical stimulation results in recallof long forgotten events |
|
|
What are the specializations of the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
|
RIGHT: Spatial relationship, Face recognition, Creativity
LEFT: Language, Analytic thinking, and Logic CONTRALATERAL FUNCTIONS: Left side of the brain controls right side sensory and motor functions and vise versa DAMAGE: "split brain" Unable to name familiar objects if placed in left visual field |
|
|
What is the Corpus Callosum?
|
Bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
Relays information from the body on one hemisphere to the other hemisphere |
|
|
What is Achetylcholine (ACH)?
|
Neurotransmitter in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System In the PNS it contracts muscles In the CNS it affects REM sleep, Circadian Rhythm and Memory Degeneration of ACH cells cause memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease 2 receptors: Nicotine is excitatory and Muscarinic is inhibitory
|
|
|
What are Neurons?
|
Nerve cells Present at birth and can regenerate 3 parts: Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), and Axon Dendrites are like arms, they Receive information and relay it to the soma Soma PROCESSES information and pass on to axons Axons are one per neuron and divide into few branches called COLLATERALS. These are covered by Myelin Sheath which accelerates conduction
|
|
|
What are Gamma-aminobytyric Acid (GABA)?
|
INHIBITORY neurotransmitter Influences sleep, eating, seizure and anxiety disorder Low levels of GABA due to cell degeneration in the basal ganglia causes HUNTINGTONS
|
|
|
What are Endorphins?
|
Neuromodulators Acts as an analgesic Lowers sensitivity of post synaptic neurons to neurotransmitters
|
|
|
What are Glutamate?
|
EXCITATORY neurotransmitters Influences learning and long-tern memory When over-excited can cause seizures and brain damage
|
|
|
What is PET and what is it used for?
|
PET stands for Positron-emission tomography
Inject radioactive liquid that are taken up by active brain cells Level of brain activity can be monitored by gauging regional blood flow, glucose metabolism, and oxygen consupmtion FUNCTION: Access cerebral damage due to cerebrovascular disease, dementia, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and to see which areas of the brain are active during certain activities |
|
|
What is SPECT and what is it used for?
|
Test based on the PET
Single Proton Emission Computed Test |
|
|
Wat is a CT or CAT scan?
|
It is Computed Tomography or neuroimaging of the brain
x-ray taken of various cross sections of the brain Diagnose pathological conditions such as tumors, blood clots and multiple sclerosis |
|
|
What is MRI?
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses magnetic filds and radio waves to produce a three dimensional cross-sectional image of the brain
Produce more details than CAT and from different angles |
|
|
What is the Gate-control theory?
|
Theory of the perception of pain, proposed by Melzack
Nervous system can handle a limited amount of sensory information at a given time Excess sensory information will be blocked by cells in the spinal column Applying more sensory input like heat or cold may reduce pain |
|
|
What are the two basic theories of color vision?
|
Young-Helmholtz's Trichromatic theory and
Hering's Opponent-Process theory |
|
|
What does the Trichromatic theory propose?
|
Trichromatic theory states
There are color receptors for the three main colors red, green, and blue All other colors are variations of the combination of these colors |
|
|
What does the Opponent-Process theory state?
|
Hering states
3 receptors, but these are red-green, yellow-blue, & white-black Cells in these receptors are stimulated Overall pattern in their stimulation will create different in color perception |
|
|
Which theory of color perception is right?
What causes color blindness? |
Neither is complete
Trichromatic holds at the retinal level Opponent-Process model holds at the thalamus Recessive trait in the X chromosome Males more likely to have color blindness |
|
|
What are Weber's and Fechner's Law?
|
Weber stated that the more intense the stimulus, the higher the stimulus intensity needed in order to feel it.
Fechner built on Weber's Law He was able to determine the exact relationship between the magnitude of the stimulus and the magnitude of the reaction Stimulus change are logarithmically related to psychological sensations |
|
|
What is Stevens' Power Law?
|
He studies stimuli of extreme intensity
Described sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity Based on magnitude estimation Subjects assigned a numerical value to the intensities to various stimuli |
