Eppp Aatbs Clinical Psychology Programmed Review

Front 1

Freud's structural theory posits the personality with three structures: The (1) _____ consists of the person's instincts, which serve as the source of all psychic energy. The ego mediates conflicts between the (2) ______ and reality or the superego.

Back 1

1. Id
2. Id

Front 2

The superego develops at about the age (3) _____ and represents an internalization of society's values and standards.

Back 2

3. 4 or 5

Front 3

Freud's developmental theory proposes that an individual's personality is formed during five (4) ______ stages of development. During each stage, the id's (5) _____ is centered in a different part of the body.

Back 3

4. psychosexual
5. Libido (sexual energy)

Front 4

As defined by Freud, anxiety alerts the (6) ______ to internal or external danger related to a conflict between the id and the superego or reality or to an actual threat in the external environment.

Back 4

6. ego

Front 5

To ward off danger, the ego may resort to one of its defense mechanisms, such as (7) _____, which involves avoiding anxiety-arousing instinct by expressing its opposite.

Back 5

7. reaction formation

Front 6

Psychoanalysis entails a combination of confrontation, clarification, (8) ______, and working through.

Back 6

8. interpretation

Front 7

Recent modifications to the Freudian approach consider the therapist's (9) ____ to be an important source of information about a patient as long as it is recognized and managed appropriately.

Back 7

9. countertransference

Front 8

Alder emphasized the role of (10) ____ factors in personality development and adopted a (11) ______ approach that views behavior as being motivated by future goals.

Back 8

10. social
11. teleological

Front 9

According to Adler, a person's (12) ____ reflects the ways he or she chooses to compensate for feelings of inferiority and to achieve superiority.

Back 9

12. style of life

Front 10

Jung proposed that personality is the result of both conscious and unconscious processes. The latter is made of the (13) _______ unconscious, which contains material that was once conscious but is now repressed or forgotten, and the (14) _____ unconscious, which contains memories that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

Back 10

13. personal
14. collective

Front 11

According to Jung, the self, the persona, and the shadow are (15) _____ that are part of the collective unconscious and that have particular importance for personality development.

Back 11

15. archetypes

Front 12

The object relations theorists consider (16) _______ to be a basic inborn drive.

Back 12

16. object seeking

Front 13

In terms of development, Mahler's theory emphasizes the (17) ______ process, which begins at about four or five months of age, and she attributes many forms of psychopathology to problems during this phase.

Back 13

17. separation-individuation

Front 14

According to Kernberg, Borderline Personality Disorder is due to inadequate resolution of (18) ______ of objects and object relations into "good" and "bad" components.

Back 14

18. splitting

Front 15

Roger's person-centered therapy is based on the assumption that all people have an inherent tendency to (1) _____ and that incongruence between (2) _______ and experience.

Back 15

1. self-actualize
2. self

Front 16

To help clients achieve congruence, person-centered therapists provide them with three "facilitative conditions": Unconditional (3) ________ involves accepting a client without evaluation; (4) ______ is the ability to understand the world as the client does; and (5) ________ is provided when a therapist honestly communicates his/her feelings to the client when it is appropriate to do so.

Back 16

3. positive regard
4. accurate empathy
5. genuineness (congruence)

Front 17

Gestalt therapy is based on the assumption that each person is capable of living fully as an (6) _____ whole.

Back 17

6. integrated

Front 18

The self is an important concept in Gestalt therapy, and neurotic (maladaptive) behavior is viewed as a "growth disorder" that occurs when the individual abandons the self for the (7) ______.

Back 18

7. self image

Front 19

Neuroses are often related to a boundary disturbance such as (8) ______, which occurs when a person psychologically "swallows" whole concepts from the environment without fully understanding them, according to Gestalt theory.

Back 19

8. introjection

Front 20

Gestalians consider awareness to be the primary curative factor in therapy with awareness involving a full understanding of one's (9) _____ in the here and now.

Back 20

9. thoughts

Front 21

For existential therapists, maladaptive behavior is due to an inability to cope authentically with the (10) _____ of existence (death, freedom, essential isolation, and meaninglessness).

Back 21

10. ultimate concerns

Front 22

Existential therapists distinguish between existential anxiety and (11) _____ anxiety, with the latter often resulting from an attempt to avoid the former.

Back 22

11. neurotic

Front 23

Glasser, the founder of reality therapy, believes that people have five basic needs: survival, (12) ______, power, freedom, and fun.

Back 23

12. love and belonging

Front 24

When people fulfill their needs in a responsible way, they have adopted a (13) _________ identity, but when people gratify their needs in an irresponsible way, they have assumed a (14) ______ identity (reality therapy).

Back 24

13. success
14. failure

Front 25

According to Kelly, psychological processes are determined by how a person construes events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs, which are (15) ________ dimensions of meaning that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. (personal construct therapy)

Back 25

15. bipolar

Front 26

Kelly devised (16) ______ to help clients "try on" and adopt alternative personal constructs (personal construct therapy).

Back 26

16. fixed role therapy

Front 27

The primary goals of interpersonal therapy are (1) ____ and improved interpersonal functioning and interventions ordinarily address one or more of four problem areas- unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, (2) _____, and/or interpersonal deficits.

Back 27

1. symptom reduction
2. role transitions

Front 28

A solution-focused therapist asks clients questions to help identify solutions to their problems. These include the miracle question, (3) _____ questions (e.g., can you think of a time last week when you did not have the problem?), and scaling questions.

Back 28

3. exception

Front 29

The transtheoretical model is based on the assumptions that the best interventions are those that match the client's (4) _____.

Back 29

4. stage of change

Front 30

The transtheoretical model distinguishes between six stages - (5) ________, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Back 30

5. pre-contemplation

Front 31

A person in the (6) _____ stage of change intends to take action within the next six months, while a person in the maintenance stage has maintained a behavior change for at least (7) ______ months.

Back 31

6. contemplation
7. six

Front 32

Motivational interviewing combines the transtheoretical model with elements of (8) _____ and Bandura's notion of self-efficacy.

Back 32

8. client-centered therapy

Front 33

The various models of family therapy have been influenced by general systems theory and view the family as primarily an (1) ______ system that receives input from and discharges output to the environment.

Back 33

1. open

Front 34

Models of family therapy also integrate concepts derived from cybernetics including the notion of positive and negative feedback loops: A (2) ____ feedback loop provides the family system with information that helps it maintain the status quo.

Back 34

2. negative

Front 35

Many individual psychotherapies are based on a Western, (3) ______, scientific tradition and emphasize linear cause-effect relationships and individualism and reflect a deterministic perspective.

Back 35

3. Lockean

Front 36

Family therapies are consistent with a Kantian tradition and reflect a (4) _____ view of causality and a relational contextual relativistic perspective.

Back 36

4. reciprocal

Front 37

The earliest contributors to family therapy include (5) ______, who is a child psychiatrist who eventually became know as the "grandfather of family therapy," and Gregory Bateson who is frequently cited for his work on the role of (6) _____ communication in the development of schizophrenia.

Back 37

5. Ackerman
6. double-bind

Front 38

Family therapists using the communication/interaction approach distinguish between two types of communication patterns. In symmetrical communication, participants are (7) _______, while in (8) ______ communication, participants are unequal and the differences between them are maximized.

Back 38

7. equal
8. complementary

Front 39

Differentiation of self is a key concept of Bowen's extended family systems therapy.: When family members have low levels of differentiation, they easily (9) _____ with other family members, which can result in an undifferentiated family ego mass.

Back 39

9. fuse

Front 40

Another important concept in Bowen's family systems therapy is the emotional triangle, which develops when a two-person system recruits another person into the system in order to increase stability and reduce (10) _____.

Back 40

10. tension

Front 41

For Bowenians, the asessment of a family often includes construction of a (11) ____, which depicts the relationships between family members.

Back 41

11. genogram

Front 42

Practitioners of structural family therapy view maladaptive behavior as being related to boundaries that are too rigid or, at the other extreme, overly diffuse. In the former situation, family members are disengaged; in the later, they are (12) ______.

Back 42

12. enmeshed

Front 43

Minuchin distinguished between three chronic boundary disturbances, or rigid triads. For example, (13) ______ is occurring when a parent and child consistently "gang up" against the other parent. A first step in structural family therapy is (14) _____, which entails "blending: with the family by adopting its style.

Back 43

13. a stable coalition
14. joining

Front 44

What are the three chronic boundary problems, or rigid traids as seen by Minuchin?

Back 44

detouring
stable coalition
triangulation

Front 45

Strategic family therapy emphasizes the role of (15) _____ in maladaptive behavior and, in particular, how it is used to control one's relationships.

Back 45

15. communication

Front 46

Strategic family therapists use a variety of techniques including paradoxical interventions which are designed to use a client's (16) _______ in a constructive way. For instance, an (17) ______ is an unpleasant task that a client must perform when he/she engages in symptomatic behavior, while (18) ______ involves relabeling a symptom to give it a more positive meaning.

Back 46

16. resistance
17. ordeal
18. reframing

Front 47

Milan systemic family therapists utilize several techniques including hypothesizing, neutrality, and circular questions, which are used to help family members recognize differences in their (19) _____.

Back 47

19. perceptions

Front 48

Behavioral family therapies make use of the principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory to alter the (20) ______that are maintaining problematic behaviors.

Back 48

20. antecedents and consequences

Front 49

A primary focus of behavioral family therapies is the (21) ____ skills of family members.

Back 49

21. communication and problem-solving

Front 50

For object relations family therapists, maladaptive behavior is the result of both (22) ______ factors, and a goal of therapy is to resolve each family member's attachment to family (23) ______.

Back 50

22. intrapsychic and interpersonal
23. introjects

Front 51

According to Yalom, the first few months of a therapy group involve three formative stage. In the third stage, as group (1) _____ develops, self-disclosure increases, attendance improves, and members show concern whenever a member is absent.

Back 51

1. cohesiveness

(First stage ~ Orientation, Hesitant Participant
Second Stage ~ Conflict, Dominance, Rebellion
Third Stage ~ Development of Cohesiveness)

Front 52

To establish group norms the therapist adopts two roles -- technical expert and (2) ______.

Back 52

2. participant/model

Front 53

Yalom has identified several curative factors provided by group therapy. Of these, members are most likely to rate interpersonal input, catharsis, (3) _______, and cohesiveness as he most important.

Back 53

3. self-understanding

Front 54

(4) _______ and post-selection preparation are useful ways to reduce premature termination and enhance the outcomes of group therapy.

Back 54

4. Prescreening

Front 55

An assumption underlying feminist therapy is that intrapsychic events always occur within an (5) ______ context.

Back 55

5. oppressive social

Front 56

Feminist therapists are less interested in fitting a client to the mainstream and more in (6) ______ the client so she becomes more self-defining and self-determining

Back 56

6. empowering

Front 57

While feminist therapists focus on social change, nonsexist therapists place more emphasis on modifying (7) __________.

Back 57

7. personal behavior

Front 58

Feminist object relations theorists trace gender differences to differences in mother-daughter and mother-son relationships. Specifically, while females are encouraged to stay attached to their mothers, males are encouraged to (8) ________.

Back 58

8. separate

Front 59

Hypnosis is probably best defined as an alteration in memory, perception, and mood in response to (9) ________.

Back 59

9. suggestion

Front 60

It is sometimes used to help people recall repressed memories, but the research suggests that hypnosis does not enhance the accuracy of memories and may actually produce more (10) ________ than accurate memories.

Back 60

10. pseudomemories

Front 61

The traditional explanation for acupuncture is that it unblocks the flow of (11) _____ (vital life energy) along pathways through which it circulates in the body, but research suggests that its benefits may be due to the release of (12) ______ or other pain-suppressing substances or to an alteration in blood flow.

Back 61

11. qi
12. endorphins

Front 62

The assumption underlying reflexology is that certain areas in the hands and feet correspond to glands, organs, and other parts of the body and that applying (13) _____ of these areas re-establishes the body's balance and promotes healing.

Back 62

13. pressure

Front 63

Prevention programs are often classified in terms of three types: (1) ______ preventions emphasize early detection and intervention and target specific individuals, while (2) _______ preventions make an intervention available to all members of a particular group or population. In contrast, (3) ______ prevention programs are aimed at reducing the duration and consequences of a mental disorder.

Back 63

1. Secondary
2. Primary
3. Tertiary

Front 64

According to the (4) ______ Model, health-related behaviors are related to a person's perceptions about his/her susceptibility to illness and the severity of its consequences and an evaluation of the costs and benefits of making a particular response.

Back 64

4. Health Beliefs

Front 65

Consultation ordinarily involves four stages: entry, (5) _____, implementation, and disengagement.

Back 65

5. diagnosis

Front 66

Caplan distinguished between four types of mental health consultation: (6) ______ consultation involves working with the consultee so that he/she can work more effectively with a particular client.

Back 66

6. Client-centered case

Front 67

(7) _______ consultation targets the consultee's skills, knowledge, or objectivity so that the consultee can be more successful in dealing with a particular population or group of clients.

Back 67

7. Consultee-centered case

Front 68

Objectivity can be limited, for example, by (8) _____ interference, which is a type of transference

(think in the consultation domain).

Back 68

8. theme

Front 69

(9) ______ consultation involves working with one or more administrators to resolve problems related to an existing program; while (10) ______ consultation helps administrators improve their professional functioning with regard to program development and implementation.

Back 69

9. Program-centered administrative
10. consultee-centered administrative

Front 70

(11) _____ is occurring in clinical supervision when a psychological intern replicates problems and symptoms with a supervisor that are being manifested by the intern's client.

Back 70

11. Parallel process

Front 71

Based on the results of his review of the literature, Eysenck concluded that the apparent benefits of psychotherapy are due to (1) ________. His conclusion was based on the finding that 72% of no-treatment control group patients improve, while (2) ____% of patients receiving eclectic therapy and 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial improvement in symptoms.

Back 71

1. spontaneous remission
2. 66

Front 72

A meta-analysis of the research by Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) produced a mean effect size of (3) _____, indicating that the average therapy client is "better off" than 80% of those not receiving treatment.

Back 72

3. .85

Front 73

According to Howard et al., the duration of therapy has a positive correlation with outcomes, at least up to about (4) _____ sessions, when the relationship begins to "level off."

Back 73

4. 26

Front 74

Howard et al.'s phase model predicts that the benefits of therapy vary, depending on the number of sessions. Specifically, feelings of (5) _____ (remoralization) are apparent during the first few sessions; (6) _____ (remediation) requires about 16 therapy sessions; and establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of life (rehabilitation) occurs in subsequent sessions.

Back 74

5. hopelessness and depression
6. symptomatic relief

Front 75

A current debate in the literature is whether efficacy or (7) _____ studies are more useful for assessing psychotherapy outcomes. While the former are most useful in establishing whether or not a treatment has had an effect, the latter are considered better for assessing (8) _____ .

Back 75

7. effectiveness
8. clinical utility

Front 76

With regard to the utilization rates, there is evidence that (9) _____ receive a disproportionate share of mental health services in the emergency room or psychiatric inpatient settings.

Back 76

9. African Americans

Front 77

The research has found that about (10) ____% of therapy clients from racial/ethnic groups drop out after the first session compared to 30% of White clients.

Back 77

10. 50%

Front 78

Sue et al. (1991) found that, client-therapist matching in terms of ethnicity, culture, or race may reduce (11) _____ for Asian, Hispanic, and White clients, but not for African American clients.

Back 78

11. premature termination

Front 79

Research examining the effects of various psychological interventions for older adults has generally confirmed their effectiveness. For example, cognitive, behavioral, and brief psychodynamic therapies have found to be (12) _____ as treatment for depression.

Back 79

12. probably efficacious

Front 80

Surveys have found that women are more likely to be the victims of spouse/partner abuse when they are younger, heterosexual, (13) ______ ( followed by African American), and in families that have yearly incomes less than $10,000.

Back 80

13. Native American

Front 81

Factors that increase the likelihood that a woman will stay in an abusive relationship include her commitment to the relationship, (14) _____ dependence, and the belief that the batterer will change.

Back 81

14. economic

Front 82

Treatment manuals were originally developed to (15) _______ psychotherapeutic treatments so their effects could be empirically evaluated and to provide guidelines for training therapists.

Back 82

15. standardize

Front 83

In medical research, a "placebo" is an inert substance or treatment, but in psychotherapy research, placebo control groups most often provide participants with (16) ______ factors.

Back 83

16. nonspecific or common

Front 84

The term (17) _____ was originally used to describe the tendency of health practitioners to attribute all problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis.

Back 84

17. diagnostic overshadowing

Front 85

In the context of psychotherapy, the goal of an (18) _______ intervention is to make changes in the individual's environment, while the goal of an (19) ____ intervention to change the individual.

Back 85

18. alloplastic
19. autoplastic

Front 86

With regard to distress, therapists are most likely to say that (20) ____ is the single most stressful aspect of their work and that issues related to (21) ______ are the most frequently encountered ethical/legal dilemmas.

Back 86

20. lack of therapeutic success
21. confidentiality

Front 87

Males have higher rates than females of admission to inpatient mental health programs than females. In terms of marital status, admission rates are highest for (22) _____ for both males and females.

Back 87

22. the never married

Front 88

African Americans view the family as including both (1) ____ family members as well as individuals outside the biological family. Family roles are flexible and relationships between men and women tend to be (2) _____.

Back 88

1. nuclear and extended
2. egalitarian

Front 89

Authorities recommend the use of an eco-structural approach when working with African American clients such as Boyd-Franklin's (3) ____ model, which addresses multiple systems and empowers the family by utilizing its strengths.

Back 89

3. multisystems

Front 90

American Indians generally exhibit a consensual (4) ______ form of social organization and view mental health problems as the result of (5) ______ with nature.

Back 90

4. collateral
5. disharmony

Front 91

A collaborative, problem-solving, (6) ____ approach is often preferred in American Indian communities; and some experts recommend the use of (7) ____ therapy, which incorporates family and community members into the treatment process.

Back 91

6. client-centered
7. network

Front 92

For Asian American therapy clients, a (8) ______, structured problem-solving approach is often preferred. Therapist should emphasize (9) _____ and establish their (10) _____ and competence early in therapy.

Back 92

8. directive
9. formalism
10. credibility

Front 93

In terms of worldview, Hispanic and Latino individuals emphasize (11) _______ welfare over individual welfare and view interdependence as both healthy and necessary.

Back 93

11. family

Front 94

When working with Hispanic or Latino clients, a therapist is usually best advised to be active and directive and to adopt a (12) ____ approach that focuses on the client's behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, biological functioning, etc. In addition, therapists should emphasize (13) ____ (except in initial session when formalismo is more appropriate) and be aware that these clients may express their mental health problems as (14) ______.

Back 94

12. multimodal
13. personalismo
14. somatic complaints.

Front 95

Among LGBT individuals, one response to prejudice and discrimination is (15) _______, which occurs when these individuals accept society's negative evaluations for them and incorporate those evaluations into their self-concepts. An important issue for LGBT individual is (16) _____ (disclosing one's sexual orientation) to family members, friend, and others, which can have negative and positive consequences.

Back 95

16. coming out

Front 96

Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual minority youth and found that (17) ____ had and earlier onset of all milestones except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person, which occurred at a similar age for males and females

Back 96

17. males

Front 97

Sue and Sue (2003) propose that cultural competence involves three competencies: awareness, (1) ______, and skills.

Back 97

1. knowledge

Front 98

The use of appropriate techniques for members of culturally diverse groups may require incorporating indigenous healing practices such as (2) ______, which is a traditional Hawaiian spiritual healing ritual for restoring harmony among family members.

Back 98

2. ho'oponopono

Front 99

Berry distinguishes between four levels of acculturation. For example, (3) ______ involves maintaining one's own (minority) status while also incorporating many aspects of the dominant culture; and (4) ______ is characterized by a lack of identification with one's own minority group and the majority group.

Back 99

3. integration (biculturalism)
4. marginalization

Front 100

As described by Sue (1978), worldview refers to how a person perceives his/her relationship to nature, other people, and institutions and is determined by two factors- the person's locus of control and locus of (5) ______.

Back 100

5. responsibility

Front 101

According to Wren, culturally (6) _____ counselors define everyone's reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes.

Back 101

6. encapsulated

Front 102

Therapists adopting an (7) _____ orientation develop and rely on culture-specific theories, while those adopting an (8) _____ perspective view people from different cultures are essentially the same.

Back 102

7. emic
8. etic

Front 103

As defined by Hall, (9) _____ communication relies heavily on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues.

Back 103

9. high-context

Front 104

Sue and Sue (2003) describe two survival mechanisms that African American individuals may use to cope with oppression: (10) _______ involves concealing anger by acting composed and calm, while (11) the _______ syndrome involves adopting a passive or happy go lucky demeanor.

Back 104

10. playing it cool
11. uncle tom

Front 105

Ridley (1984) proposes that nondisclosure by African American therapy clients may be due to (12) _______ paranoia and/or functional paranoia, with the former being a healthy reaction to racism.

Back 105

12. cultural

Front 106

According to Herek (2004), (13) ______ refers to shared knowledge that creates a power differential in which homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality, while (14) _____ includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws, and other cultural institutions. Finally, (15) _____ refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation.

Back 106

13. sexual stigma
14. heterosexism
15. sexual prejudice

Front 107

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model distinguishes between five stages that are related to the person's (1) _______ toward his/her own group, the dominant group, and other minority groups. The initial Conformity stage is followed by the (2) ______ stage, which is characterized by confusion and conflict. The third stage, (3) ________, involves active rejection of the dominant group. This is followed by the Introspection stage and , finally, the stage of Integrative Awareness, which is characterized by self-fullfilment with regard to one's racial/cultural identity and the adoption of a (4) _____ perspective.

Back 107

1. attitudes
2. Dissonance
3. Resistance and Immersion
4. multicultural

Front 108

The current version of Cross's Black Racial Identity Model proposes that identity development for African Americans involves four stages. During the initial (15) _______ stage, racial identity has low salience. Exposure to one or more race-related events leads to the (6) ______ stage, which is characterized by greater racial/cultural awareness. This is followed by the Immersion-Emersion and then (7) ______.

Back 108

5. Preencounter
6. Encounter
7. Internalization

Front 109

Helms describes White identity development involving six statuses: the initial Contact status is followed by (8) _______, in which increasing awareness of racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. Next is the Reintegration status, in which the individual resolves internal conflicts by accepting (9) ______ views of minority groups. The fourth stage, Pseudo-Independence, is precipitated by an event that causes the person to question his/her views. this is followed by Immersion-Emersion and finally (10) ______, when the person internalizes a nonracist White Identity.

Back 109

8. Disintegration
9. denigrating
10. Autonomy

Front 110

Troiden's model of homosexual identity development involves four stages--sensitization/feeling different, (11) ______, identity assumption, and commitment/identity integraton.

Back 110

11. self-recognition/identity confusion