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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are 2 ways to define disease in financial terms?
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1) Measures-of effect approach
2) Cost-benefit analysis |
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Cost-benefit analysis is a method for estimating profitability of disease control programs over an extender period by what 3 things?
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1) Enumerating benefits & costs
2) Application of a discount rate to benefits and cost 3) Specification of a decision criterion |
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What equation can you use measure costs and benefits of a disease control program since they do not occur simultaneously and also adjust for the time value of money?
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PV= 1/ (1 +r)^n x FV
PV= present value r= interest rate FV=future value n= time period |
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What are the 3 decision criteria involved in cost-benefit analysis?
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1) Net present value
2) Benefit- cost ratio 3) Internal rate of return |
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What is net present value? When is the program viable?
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The difference b/w total present value of benefits & costs.
-Program viable if NPV > 0 |
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What information does the net present value provide?
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Gives scale of benefits but not the relative size of investment for gain
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What is the benefit-cost ratio? What information does it provide?
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Ratio of total present benefits to costs
-Gives $$ return per $$ investment, but no indication of scale of investment |
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What is the internal rate of return?
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Interest rate that would make the total present value of benefits equal to that of costs- i.e. reduce NPV to 0.
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How do you know if a program is viable according to the internal rate of return?
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If IRR > available interest rate then program viable
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When do you use decision analysis?
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When trying to reach a ration decision in the face of uncertainty
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What are the 3 components of "decision trees"?
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1) Nodes: decision, chance, terminal
2) Utilities: net benefit or cost of each outcome 3) Variables: probability and utility |
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What are 3 strategies to reduce frequency of disease?
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1) Disease prevention
-forestall disease transmission or occurrence of clinical signs 2) Disease control -reduce frequency of disease to tolerable level 3) Disease eradication -complete elimination of disease agent from environment |
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What are 3 focuses of disease prevention?
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1) Focus on risk factors for disease
2) Prevent contact w/ infected animals -quarantine, culling, confinement, animal movement regulations 3) Prophylaxis -antibiotics, vaccines |
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What are 3 focuses of disease control?
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1) Focus on source & mode of transmission
2) Treatment of affected individuals 3) "tolerable" depends on stake holders' interests: financial / public health risks/ disease dynamic |
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What are 3 focuses of disease eradication?
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1) Test & removal strategy
2) Herd depopulation strategy 3) Often combined w/ disease prevention in currently unaffected population segments (Vacc programs) |
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What are 5 conditions that make disease eradication feasible?
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1) an effective means for ID of reservoirs (diagnostic tests)
2) An effective method for destruction of the agent in reservoirs (or reservoirs themselves) 3) A small host range (preferable a single host) 4) A single or limited spectrum of disseminated mechanisms that can be readily manipulated 5) Acceptability to the industry *For eradication 1 + of these criteria need to be met |