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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality?
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Vital statistics
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Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)?
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Male Births / Female Births
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Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences:
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Males greater than females
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Morbidity rates by sex in the United States show the following sex differences:
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Females greater than males
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Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of:
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Low prevalence
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Comparison of mortality rates due to cancer of the uterus in users and non-users of supplemental estrogen revealed the following mortality rates per 100,000:
Age Users Non-users 45–54 3.0 1.0 55–70 17.0 6.0 A valid conclusion derived from the above data concerning mortality among estrogen users is: |
The mortality rates for cancer of the uterus are higher in estrogen users than non-users in both age groups studied
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In a large case-control study of pancreatic cancer, 20% of the cases were found to be diabetic at the time of diagnosis, compared to 5% of a control group (matched by age, sex, ethnic group, and several other characteristics) that was examined for diabetes at the same time that the cases were diagnosed. The authors concluded that diabetes played a causal role in the development of pancreatic cancer. This conclusion:
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Maybe incorrect because of failure to establish the time sequence between the onset of diabetes and pancreatic cancer
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Cohort study is to risk ratio as:
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Case-control study is to odds ratio
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It is essential in cohort studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease that:
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The exposed and non-exposed groups under study should be as similar as possible with regard to possible confounders.
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A researcher is interested in identifying potential risk factors for a rare form of bone cancer in children. Which of the following study designs would be best suited to investigate the risk factors for this type of cancer?
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Case-control
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Which of the following statements regarding disease measuresis inaccurate?
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Incidence density is aproportion
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In a population of 5,000 people, 100 ate spinach contaminatedwith E. coli (O157:H7) and became ill. Of the ill, 15 died. What was the casefatality rate?
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150 per 1,000
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A case-control study comparing ovarian cancer cases withcommunity controls found an odds ratio of 2.0 in relation to exposure toradiation. Which is the correct interpretation of the measure of association?
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Ovariancancer cases had 2.0 times the odds of exposure to radiation when compared tocontrols
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Double-blinded (masked) studies are an important way to:
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Avoidobserver and interviewee bias
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The difference between primary and secondary prevention ofdisease is:
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Primary preventionfocuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses onearly detection and treatment of disease
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Ascreening test is used in the same way in two similar populations, but the proportionof false-positive results among those who test positive in population B ishigher than that among those who test positive in population A. What is themost likely explanation for this finding?
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Theprevalence of disease is higher in population A
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The relative risk of dying for smokers compared to non-smokersis:The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 amongnon-smokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronarythrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence ofsmoking in the population is 55%.
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10.1for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis
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Whichmeasure of mortality would you calculate to determine the proportion of alldeaths that is caused by heart disease?
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Proportionatemortality ratio
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The staff at the state health department Birth DefectsRegistry systematically visit the labor and delivery units of all hospitals inthe state on an on-going basis and review their records to identify majorcongenital malformations. This is an example of:
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Activesurveillance
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Which of the following statements is true about surveillancedata?
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It can be used to monitor temporal trends indisease
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Thefollowing are characteristics of a cross-sectional study except:
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Patientsare followed for a sufficient period of time for outcome events to occur
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All of the following statements are true about bothprospective and retrospective cohort studies except:
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They require themanipulation of the exposure of interest by the investigator
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In a cross-sectional study of peptic ulcer among men and womenaged 35 to 59, 70 per 100,000 men and 95 per 100,000 women met the criteria forsymptomatic peptic ulcer disease. The inference that in this age group, womenare at greater risk of developing peptic ulcer is:
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Incorrect because offailure to distinguish between incidence and prevalence
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A prevalence study of depression drew a sample of theresidents of Houston by visiting all residents in randomly selected censustracts. A screening test with asensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 50% was used to identify individuals as“likely depressed.” The study reported aprevalence of 28%. This prevalence is:
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Higherthan expected because of the specificity of the screening test
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Female paradox |
females have lower mortality but higher morbidity rates foracute and chronic conditions
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Causal relationship |
cannotbe demonstrated based on the results of a single study |
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Case control |
best suited for rare diseases |
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Incidence density |
number of cases/person-time = rate |
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PMR |
calculated as the number of deaths within a population due toa specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in thepopulation
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