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307 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How are the earth atmosphere and ocean stratified?
according to density
What is the SI unit for years? (ex. one millenium)
a (1000 a)
What are the time scales for : earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, thunderstorms, rogue waves, landslides and meteorites?
E: years – minutes
V: decades – days
H: months - days
T: hours - minutes
R: hours - seconds
L: days - seconds
M: millenia - seconds
Thunderstorms occur in the ________ (layer of the atmostphere).
troposphere
SI unit for mass is the ________
kilogram
Isotopes have the same number of ________but a different number of ____________.
(same # of) protons
(different # of ) neutrons
The greatest chemical components of Earths crust are___________
oxygen, silicon, aluminum
Some molecules loan electrons, and valences sum to zero. This is what type of bond?
ionic
Some molecules share electrons. this is what type of bond?
covalent
Atoms in molecules sometimes line up in a ___________. This is called a __________.
regular lattice

crystal
Cyrstals will fracture along the _________bonds in the lattice. Where they fracture is called ____________
weakest

cleavage planes
The change in size or shape of an object is called __________
strain
What type of strain describes the ability for an object to bounce back to its orginal form after being deformed?
elastic strain
What type of strain describes the ability of an object to deform its shape permanently when forced?
plastic

(ductile = very plastic)
Tightly bound groups of atoms that are not completely ___________because they carry a non-zero charge are called____________
molecules

ions
The following type of energy is defined as a Force X Distance
Work
What is the SI unit for pressure and stress? How is is defined?
Pascal

N/m^2
The period of a wave is _____

So a wave going 2 cycles/sec has a period of ________
1/f

1/2
Individual waves travel at the ______speed.
Packages of waves travel at the _________speed.
Energy and matter travel at the _______speed.
_______speed is faster than ________speed.
(individual)phase
(packages)group
(E/M)group
phase is faster than group
Tornadoes happen most often in ___________
central North America
If a material deforms easily and remains deformed after the stress is removed the material is __________
ductile
Irregular motion of energy and matter whose wavelength/period cannot be measured or predicted from past motion is____________
turbulent motion
How is the doubling time defined?

If world pop is growing at rate of 1.3%, what is the DT?
DT: 70/%growth rate

53.8
_________waves are parallel to the direction of propagation.
compression
Mt Pinatubo was compounded by the fact that during the eruption _____________
a typhoon hit
Hurricanes are called _________in the Western Pacific and ___________ in Australia.
typhoons

cyclones
In 97-98 the following event caused Torrential rain and mudslides in Southern California, Flooding in Peru that washed out many bridges, warming of the surface water in the eastern Pacific Ocean
and Snow in Mexico
El nino
Since 1950 economic losses in developed countries have__________
increased exponentially
The number of human deaths in the past 20 years due to natural disasters has _________
fluctuated by an order of magnitude from year to year
In the 20th century which 2 types of natural disaster killed the most people?
Earthquakes and hurricanes
How old is the earth?
4.5 Ga (giga years)
Force per unit are applied perpindicular to a surface is called __________
pressure
Water _________in density when it freezes.
decreases
The Himilayas are the result of a ____________plate boundary
continental collision
Tectonic plates move as a result of ________________
pull from huge subducting slabs
When we refer to ‘plates’, we are talking about the ______, which is _____ than the layer below it.
lithosphere

stronger and colder
At collisional plate boundaries what type of fault is common?
thrust or reverse where the overhanging side slides up
A normal fault is where the overhanging side slides _________
down
San Andreas and Queen Charlottes faults are what kind of fault?
strike slip
The fault nearest Vancouver is the __________and can cause magnitude ____
Cascadia Subduction Zone

9
Fastest type of seismic wave is the __________
p wave
You can compute the Richter magnitude of an earthquake using these two pieces of information:
maximum amplitude of shaking, difference between P-wave and S-wave arrival times
What kind of shaking could be the most dangerous to the tallest high-rises downtown?
low freq horizontal shaking (<1Hz)
The S-wave shadow zone provides evidence that _____.
the Earth has a liquid outer core
The mercalli earthquake intensity scale does not depend on the _________________
style of faulting
When soil is loosely packed, it may flow like a ______ during an earthquake, especially when saturated. This is called___________
liquid

liquefaction
What is omori's law?

If there were 1000 aftershocks the day after an earthquake, the next day how many earhqakes would there be?
N=C*(1/t)

N= # of aftershocks
In an earthquake the fault ruptures first at the ____ and the rupture moves out from this point at a rate of ____.
hypocenter

100 m/s
Buildings that are not fully supported on the first floor (i.e. department stores with high ceilings) can lead to ___________
soft story collapse
P waves travel via _________, parallel to the direction of propagation. They move at a speed of ________making them the ______type of seismic wave.
compression

6 km/s

fastest
S waves move __________to the direction of motion.

They travel at a speed of __________
perpindicular

3.5 km/s
What is a seismic gap?
A fault segment which has not had a large earthquake recently.
What happens to the different frequencies in a seismic wave as it travels long distances through the Earth’s mantle?
high frequencies disappear
_____ deaths were caused by earthquakes in the 20th century, and the total shaking time for 20th century
earthquakes was_____.
millions

tens of minutes
A renewal forecast states that as time goes by, likelhood of an earthquake is ___________
greater
According to the latest renewal forecasts, the probability of a M9 Cascadia subduction zone earthquake in the next 50
years is _____.
11%
You would feel the shaking of an M9 earthquake for about __________
5-10 minutes
Why is the Richter magnitude often called the local magnitude?
The Richter magnitude is supposed to be computed from local seismographs (within 500 km of the epicentre).
Which seismic waves shake at a high enough frequency to actually be heard?
Stonely waves.
When a P-wave passes through an interface into a material with a higher P-wave velocity, its travel path ______ and
the new travel direction is more nearly _____.
refracts

horizontal
In a Rayleigh wave, the ground motion is _____, and the amplitude of shaking is _____ at the surface.
horizontal and vertical, biggest
The 2001 Nisqually earthquakes in Washington State occurred at a depth of 50 km. It occurred ______.
in the subducting plate
Magma is molten rock________
beneath the surface of the earth
(not made of mostly silica and feldspar)
The main factor leading to an increase in volcano-related fatalities over the past 50 years is an increase in ____.
population
The two most common elements at the surface of the earth are ____.
oxygen and silicon
The type of magma most likely to cause a violent volcanic eruption is____.
high viscosity and relatively cool
The landform you would expect from mafic volcanism is a ____.
shield volcano
Shield volcano, composite cone, and cinder cone are landforms from _________
largest to smallest
An important difference between a pyroclastic flow and a lahar is _____________
Pyroclastic flows only occur during eruptions.
Most volcanic ash is formed by ____.
The rapid growth and destruction of gas bubbles within the magma
How does a caldera form?
An extremely large eruption empties the magma chamber and the volcano collapses inwards.
What is a nuée ardente?
A red-hot avalanche of incandescent gases and glowing volcanic fragments.

type of pyroclastic flow
Geolists dated the ancient eruptions at Mt St. Helens by ___________
radiocarbon dating trees killed by the volcano
Where do most subaerial volcanoes occur?
Convergent plate tectonic boundaries.
What type of magma would you expect in the ground above a continental hot spot?
Felsic.
Which of the following gases does NOT come out of a volcano:
Water vapour (H2O)
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2).
Oxygen
What hazard is associated with Mt. Rainier?
Lahar
If Mt Baker erupted what hazard threatens UBC?
ash
Landslides are most likely to occur if
the factor of safety goes below 1.0
Landslides in BC are not that related to _________
quick clays
The Rissa quick clay landslide was triggered by ____________
overloading
Quick clays tend to lose shear strength when____________
salt is removed from the clay
On the west coast of British Columbia landslides are most likely to occur in what month?
February
The fastest landslide type is a ____.
rockfall
The Frank slide in the Eastern Rocky Mountains was caused by all but one of the following:

Extensive coal mining.
Weak fractured and faulted bedrock.
Bedding planes of sedimentary bedrock parallel to the slope. Wet weather in years preceding the slide.
Removal of vegetation above the slide.
remove of vegetation above the slide
What is the likely return interval of extremely large landslide events (> 20 million m3) in the Southern Canadian
Cordillera?
25-100 yrs
to prevent smaller blocky material from falling onto the road you should use___________
netting
How does a debris avalanche differ from a debris flow?
A debris avalanche is not confined to a channel.
In the Hawaiian Islands large landslides have caused ____.
the erosion of channels in bedrock on the coast of Australia
Which is the most important type of landslide in the coastal region of British Columbia?
debris flow
The Swedish Circle analysis of slope stability is used on which type of landslide?
rotational slide
Which of the following is NOT a hazard of thunderstorms?
Lightning.
Downbursts.
Gustfronts.
Storm surge.
Hail.
storm surge - thats hurricanes
A full-sized thunderstorm reaches about how high in the atmosphere?
11km
Saturation vapour pressure (es) is dependent on the ____.
temperature
A relative humidity of 75% means ____.
the air is holding 75% of the water it could hold
The dew point temperature describes ____.
the temperature at which water vapour will condense out of the air
Measuring humidity by measuring changing resistance of a carbon-coated glass slide is a _______
hygristor
A supercell thunderstorm sometimes____________
has extremely low precipitation
Energy in the form of hot humid air reaches storms through ____.
advection
The primary source of energy for the Earth’s weather is ____.
the sun
Most thunderstorms form ____.
in the afternoon to early evening
In North America most thunderstorms form ____.
in the southeast US
One of the differences between positive and negative lightning strikes is ____.
positive strikes come from the anvil
If you increase the temperature of an air parcel ____.
it will be more buoyant
The concept of continuity describes how ____.
air molecules tend to spread themselves smoothly and evenly
Pressure gradients form because ____.
warm air loses pressure more slowly than cold air with increasing altitude
Strong currents of air which descend from thunderstorms are called ____.
downbursts
Arc clouds are caused by ____.
gust fronts
An adiabatic process refers to ____.
a change in temperature that does not involve heat transfer
The lifting condensation level ____.
is the z at which water vapour condenses out of the air in an updraft
One thunderstorm can spawn a daughter storm by ____.
creating a gustfront to lift warm boundary level air off the ground
Tornado translation speeds are ____.
between 0 and 100 km/h
During which months are hurricanes most likely to occur off the coast of North America?
August to September
Why don’t hurricanes form at the equator?
Coriolis effect is too weak
Which of the following does NOT help to strengthen hurricanes?
A) Warm ocean water >26° C.
B) A large pressure gradient between the eye and the outer part of the storm.
C) Ocean spray from waves increasing the humidity near the centre of the storm.
D) Mixing of the upper levels of the ocean by strong waves.
E) Condensation of water within the eye wall.
Mixing of the upper levels of the ocean by strong waves
The short period high frequency compression waves that travel through any material are called ___________
p waves

about 4.8 km/s in rock
1.4 km/s in water
The transverse waves that shear or shake through material perpindicular to the direction of motion are _____________, and only move through solids.
secondary waves

about 3 km/s
Because ____ waves don't travel through liquid, we know the earth's core is surrounded by a liquid, since these waves stop or are converted into something else.
secondary waves

s waves
Surfaces waves are of what two types?

They are created by _________waves disturbing the surface.
Raleigh and Love

body
Low frequency long period waves are called_____________
L waves

(Raleigh and Love)
L waves that only travel through solids, and move side to side in a horizontal plane perpindicular to the direction of motion are ___________

They travel faster than ____________waves
Love waves

Raleigh
________waves move in a backward rolling elliptical motion, both horizontal and vertical. A _________hypocenter means more P and S waves hit the surface making these waves ________
Raleigh

shallower

stronger
Tsunami are most often created by ________________

What kind?
earthquakes

uplift of the deep sea floor

Vertical movement fault movements at subduction zones
The largest historic wave occurred in ________ in __________. It is also called a_______
1958

Lituya Bay, Alaska

seiche
The most powerful waves occur when ____________
a several km ateroid hits the ocean
The velocity of a tsunami is calculated by __________
v=sqrt(gD)

D=depth of ocean water
How fast are tsunami?
about 232m/s (518mph)
Tsunami are about _______high in the open ocean and grow to ________in shallow water
1 meter

6-15 meters
A tsunami's destructive power is due to its _____________not __________
momentum

height
Which wave in a series of Tsunami is usually the biggest?
it is unpredictable
Why was the Nicaragua earthquake 7.6 mag of 1992 barely felt?
the fault move very slowly creating long period energy that created tsunami
How did the Papa New Guinea earthquake in 1998 change our thinking about causes of tsuanmi?
Not all tsunami come from giant earthquakes. Smaller faults can cause unstable sand and rock to fall, causing landslides which also cause tsunami.
How is lake Tahoe dangerous?
There is a 3-4% chance of an earthquake happening there which could cause massive tsunami.
What are the typical period and wavelegths of Tsunami?
60 minute period

520 mile wavelengths
What is more dangerous, a high tsunami or a long tsunami?
Long tsunami continue to rush in for up to 30 minutes. Their momentum is much more dangerous than their height. They look like pancakes.
Tsunami are largest when caused by _____________
impacts from space (several km across)
What are the four main causes of Tsunami?
impacts
earthquakes
landslides
volcanoes
Streams flow because of __________. Waves in large bodies of water occur most often because of __________________
gravity

frictional drag of wind blowing across water
Water orbits cease at a depth of about _____________
1/2 the wavelength
The height of the wave depends on what four things?
velocity of wind
duration of time wind blew
length of water surface (fetch)
consistency of wind direction
The length of the water surface over which wind blows is called ___________
fetch
The result of contructive and destructive multiple sets of ocean waves is called_________
sea swell
Extremly tall waves that form from synchronous interference are called _________
rogue waves
Waves break when ________with the sea floor ________the wave and _________the wavelength until the height:length ratio reaches ______.
Also, the depth of water uner a breaker is about ______the wave height, thus the wave crest is moving________than the bottom and topples forward.
friction

slows

shortens

1:7

1.3 times

faster
Why is there no sand in the winter?
Summer waves are shorter and more numerous, pushing sand onto the beach.

Winter waves are stronger and longer wavelenths, pulling the sand away.
The temperature________in the ___________is greater, and the waves get stronger, and have longer wavelengths.
temperature contrast

winter
A great absorber of wave energy is ______________
beach sand in the summer
Waves break when they reach a water depth of about _________their wavelength.
1/20
What is the longshore current.
Waves come in at an angle, so the shallower part breaks early, and while the deeper part catches up the shallower end is already pulling sand directly back.
Masses built perpindicular to the coastline are called _____________
groins and jetties
___________interfere with the longshore current and longshore transport. Typically one side gets eroded while the other side gets a pile of sand.
groin and jetties
___________may be attached or unattached to the shoreline and prevent waves from hitting the shoreline. They are often accompanied by a permanent _____________operation to move the sand back into the longshore transport system.
breakwaters

dredging
At wavelengths of less than 1.7 cm the wave is a __________wave and the restoring force is usually ______________.
capillary

surface tension
At wavelengths of more than 1.7 cm the wave is a __________wave and the restoring force is usually ______________.
Surface Gravity Wave:
Wind Wave, Seiche,
Tsunami,Tide

gravity
What 3 factors affect the growth of wind waves?
Wind speed
Wind duration
Fetch (uninterrupted distance over which
wind blows)
The Beaufort scale measures _____________
wind speed causing waves
What is the Fully
Developed Sea?
Condition when the wave size are the maximum theoretically possible for a wind of a
specific strength, duration, and fetch.

2-3 meters in Northern Pacific

6 meters year around around Antarctica
What is the difference between currents and waves?
Currents move water; carry mass
and energy
Waves move energy; NO net
movement of the water
Orbital motion of waves __________with depth
decreases
What is the wave base?
Where orbital motion goes to zero and depth is half the wavelength.
A deep water wave has wavelength ____________
L/2
A Transitional/Intermediate waves is at what depth?
L/20<D<L/2

depth greater than L/20
less than L/2
A shallow water wave is when depth is ______________
less then L/20
The speed of a deep water wave is only dependent on it's ___________
wavelength

S=sqrt(gL/2pi)
Deep water waves are ____persive and shallow water waves are __________persive
dispersive

nondispersive
The speed of shallow water waves is dependent on ____________
the depth

S=sqrt(gd)
Shoaling waves begin to feel the bottom at __________. Their height ________and the wavelength __________. The crests peak at ________and become unstable at 3:4. Then the waves turn to ____________
L/2

increases

decreases

1:7

3:4

surf
An abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by hurricane/tropical cyclone/typhoon is called__________
storm surge
Water level __________underneath the eye
of a storm because of:
__________and _________
raised

low air pressure

winds rushing towards center creating a mound of water
Surge is technically NOT a ______ it is only a _______!
wave

crest
Most hurricane/typhoon deaths are a result of the_________and people die of ________
storm surge

drowning
Tsunami means _________and is incorrectly called a _________in North America
harbor wave

tidal wave
Tsunami are caused by the following five things:
VMELI
1. Volcanic eruptions
2. Meteor impacts
3. Earthquakes (vertical submarine fault motion)**
4. Landslides
5. Icebergs falling from glaciers

**seismic sea wave
The 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska tsunami was caused by a __________after an earthquake
rockfall
In 1883 a tsunami in Krakatoa, Indonesia was caused by a __________
Tsunami were up to 30 m high; 36,000 dead
volcanic eruption - caldera collapse
If you are 750 km from the source you have about _______to evacuate before the tsunami hits.
1 hour
At ____________you have have about 10 minutes to 1 hour to avoid a tsunami
100-750 km
The largest recorded tsunami happened in _______in__________and the 3rd peak was biggest at ________.
1000 died
It travelled across the Pacific Ocean 10,000 km away
and hit ________and ________
1960

Chile

11m

Hawaii Japan
In 1963 the Anthropogenic Tsunami in the Italian Alps was caused by __________________
Vaiont Dam construction causing landslide
The largest recorded tsunami in North America happened in _____1964 and is also called the ______________.
It lead to the setup of the International Tsunami Warning
System in Honolulu, Hawaii.
1964

Prince William Sound, Alaska

Good Friday EQ
Tsunami are always ____________waves because the average ocean depth is_________
shallow water waves (D<L/20)

4 km
Tsunami charectistics in the open ocean:
wavelength:
speed:
height:
period:

Since H/L is so small ________
200 km
200 m/s or 720 km/hr
0.5 - 1 m
10 min - 1 hour

ships can't detect tsunami in the open ocean
The ________may arrive first, thus may observe receding
sea level first.
trough of a tsunami
A resonant oscillation of water, or oscillating wave on a
lake or landlocked sea is a _____________
seiche

(means to sway back and forth)
Rogue waves are notoriou where?
off the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
The water brought up by waves
onto shore usually at an angle to the shoreline is called _______
swash
A beach of fine material means ____water on the beach, ______backwash, sediments _____pile up, and the slope is ______.
less
strong
do not
gradual (1 degree)
A beach of large sediment grain size means, _______percolation on beach, _______backwash, sediments _____pile up, and the slope is ______.
fast
weak
do
steep (24 degrees)
Steeper waves mean a _________beach, H/L is ______, energy, swash and percolation are _________, backwash is _______, sediments _____pile up, and the slope is ______.
flat
large
low
strong
do not
gradual
Smaller waves mean a _________beach, H/L is ______, energy, swash and percolation are _________, backwash is _______, sediments _____pile up, and the slope is ______.
steep
low
high
weak
do
steep
Wave refraction is _____________
when a wave bends towards the shore because its shallower end slowed down.
Overtime wave action __________the shore line.
straigtens
Elongated structures that protrude perpendicular to the shoreline to trap sediments are ____________
groins
Breakwaters that DISSIPATE
wave energy but allow the FLOW of sediments are ___________
tethered floats
Reflecting waves with very little energy loss, __________reflect energy and ERODE sediments until it COLLAPSES
sea walls
The global rise or fall of sea level is called ________seal level change. It is primarily caused by ______________
eustatic

melting ice sheets

(If remaining
glacial ice melts,
sea level will
increase by
another 60m)
Land rising or subsiding is called____________
isostatic rebound
Due to tectonic movement the Atlantic coast is ___________ & Pacific coast is __________, Sea level rises ____cm/century along N.American east coast.
subsiding

emerging

30
The global volume of water is increasing due to__________
thermal expansion
In the 20th century, average global SURFACE TEMPERATURE rose by _____C/century
.6 degrees
The Biosphere is _____________
the thin “layer” of life on the Earth’s surface
"What's on top is youngest" is the ______________and was coined by ________in______
The principle of superposition
Steno
1669
"Strata of like age can be recognized by the fossils
they contain". This is the ____________coined by __________in ____________
faunal succession
William Smith
1799
Using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geological time is called______________________
biostratigraphy
___________(1769 - 1832)found mammoth remains in____________. This lead to idea of species going __________
George Cuvier
Europe
extinct
A mass extinction event is when ____% of the world's speciets lost. It must include a _______range of ecologies and must be ________(time frame).
30
broad
short and sudden.
How many mass extinction have there been and in what period?
5 in the Phanerozoic Eon (includes everything but precambrian)
To common requisites for an organism to become fossilized are _______ and ___________
hard parts - bones, shells, teeth
rapid burial
Are footprints fossils?

What is a fossil?
yes

evidence of former life
What is fossil tree sap called?

What three things does it protect from?
amber

scavengers, water, oxygen
The three major branches of life are______, ________, and ________
archaea - extreme
bacteria
eukarya (plant, animals)
Photosynthetic bacteria removed surplus carbon dioxide creating ______and therefore our________
oxygen
atmosphere

technically they gave off 02, which got converted to 03 (the ozone)
Once a species dies out, it _______reappears.
never
Over ____%of all life that ever lived is now extinct.
99.9%
Current estimates of Earth's specie diversity are_______
40-80 million
The average lifespan of a species is __________
4 million years
Mass extinctions can be caused by (5 things)
tectonic effects
volcanoes
climate change
impacts from space
biologic processes
Today water is about ____%of the Earth's surface and land is ___%.

Sea level change could increase land percentages to ___% or drop it to____%.
71%
29%

40%
17%
The bigger the glacier, the ______the sea level.
lower
Sea level can be changed by what two processes?
glaciers, created by evaporated ocean water that falls as snow

sea floor spreading
Ice ages happen when land (continents)_____________and catches the snow.
moves close to the poles
Flood basalts can change _______, ________,and _________
sea level, ocean composition and climate
When water at the bottom of the ocean becomes depleted of oxygen (because it is too ______to sink), it is called _________
warm
anoxic
Biologic causes of extinction include_______________(4 things)
low population size
reduced geographic area
competition
predation (disease)
Life arose about _________years ago
543 million
The worst day for the biosphere was at the ____________change when ____% of all species went extinct in just ________years.
Permo/Triassic
98%
1 million
What caused the Permo/Triassic extinction? (6 things)
SPOCSC

1) Continental configuration - drop in diversity
2) Sea level fall - less ocean ridge activity
3) Oceanic stagnation - anoxia
4) Climate change - much drier
5) Siberian Traps - massive volcanic activity:
2 - 3 million km3 basaltic lava
6) Possible impacts
When did the Permo/Triassic extinction happen?

What species replaced the 98% that died? in what time period?
250 million years ago

dinosaurs in the Mesozoic time
What were the three major causes of the Cretaceous extenction?
long-lasting changes to sea level and climate
flood-basalt volcanism
asteroid impact
These two species have lasted _______million years and ________million years respectively.
horshoe crabs 450 million
sharks 350 million
In the last 1.5 million years what type of species is going extinct at a faster than expected rate and why?
large bodied animals

humans
Extinctions of large animals seems to follow the ________of humans. Coexistince (as in ______) seems to have kept many more alive.
arrival

Africa
They think humans are causing mammal extinctions because________(3 reasons)
More animals than plants went extinct. Why would food go before the eater went?

climate change shouldn't affect mammals with their temperature regulating bodies

retreat of glaciers means more land, there should be more mammals not less
Effects of humans on species extinction began__________
with every human advance in tools, hunting etc - 12,000 years ago and has been increasing
The KT event killed ______% of all species.
50
Nothing over ___ kg on land survived the KT event.
25
The KT event killed _______% of marine species.
80-90%
The KT event has a ___cm thick layer of ______and was discovered by ___________________
2
iridium
Walter and Luis Alverez
What is the source of such high iridium content found globally and relating the era between the Tertiary and the Cretaceous?
meteorites
What is the main evidence that a meteorite helped wiped stuff out in the KT event?
iridium deposits
What evidence about the KT event comes from fern spores?
Fern Spores vs pollen
• Ferns: first to colonize fire impacted landscape
• Just after K/T have massive spike in fern spores

The fossil record shows an increase from 25% to 100% indicating plant life took a heavy hit, possibly due to burning up from an impact.
What evidence is there that massive global fires happened during the KT event.
Soot layers associated with the iridium layer
What are tektites and what do they tell us?
Tektites:
Glass - produced by
melting rocks during
impact

good evidence of a meteorite impact
What is shocked quartz?
Another “impact” feature
Stress lines in quartz crystals
What are breccia?
melted rocks which lead to the "smoking gun" evidence of a crater in Mexico - meaning a meteorite hit
The Chicxulub Impact Crater was ______km across and had ______deposits, _______and _________
180km
Tsunami deposits,
shocked quartz
tectites
The KT asteroid was _____across and hit earth at a _______degree angle
10 km
20-30 degree
Chicxulub means_______
“Tail of the Devil”
Most of “ejecta” of the KT asteroid went towards the __and realsed about __________ Tonnes TNT and _____km3 Rock was vaporized.
NW

6.2 x 107

and 100
Some of the short term effects of the KT event were____________(3)
Vaporizes all close by
Forest Fires
Tsunami
Some of the long term effects of the KT event were____________(2)
Sunlight shut off - nuclear winter (weeks - several months)

Photosynthesis stops on land AND in oceans
After dust clears from the KT event water vapor remains in the atmosphere which leads to the ___________
Greenhouse effect
Average global temp rose by _______during the KT event.
10 degrees C
There was a rapid shift in environmental conditions after the impact - Cold House for ______and Hot House for _________
months

years, decades
After the KT event Nitrogen and oxygen combined to form__________which combined with water vapor to form __________which caused _______rain which _________the oceans.
oxides of Nitrogen

nitric acid

acid

acidified.
After the KT event shallow basins high in _________evaporated causing _________acid and more _______rain.
salinity

sulfuric acid

acid
In addition to the KT impact the _______flood basalt occured in just _____years causing massive_________and ____rain.
Deccan
1 million
global warming
acid
Was the impact the only that finished the Cretaceous era?
No. the biosphere was already stressed and the K/T impact finished them off.
The ______cloud is our source for _______about _____across in diameter.
Oort
comets, asteroids
15km
Comets are made mostly of ______material and some ________which sublimes forming a ________.
loosely packed
ice
tail
Asteriods are mostly ________and occur in belts between _______and__________. They are objects of less than _________in diameter.
rock
Mars
Jupiter

1000km
Meteors hit earths atmosphere about ___________ every 24 hours! Most burn up entirely ____ above surface travelling at _______
100 000 million
60km
11 - 30km /second (70 000 mph)
What is the Raup and Sepkoski period?
every 26 million years a big meteor hits us

they thought its because the sun just went through the galactice plane - wobbles on its orbit
The Torino scale measures__________
the likelihood of a meteor collision and how bad it might be
To deal with impacts we can________(5)
BASSS

blow it up
sudden orbit adjustment
steady state orbit adjustment
ablation system with mirrors- star trek
solar sails
This risk of dying from meteor impact is:
1:20,000
Flood balsats on the moon show that ______________
intense bombardment died down abot 3.8 billion years ago
Astroblemes are _________so called by ___________
impact scars

Robert Diez
Meteoroids are _________
When they blaze through Earth's atmosphere they are called__________
Objects that actually hit earth are__________
pieces of asteroids and comets that orbit the sun

meteors

meteorites
Most meteorites are _______not______
irons

stones
Most asteroids are found between _______and ________in an ateroid belt where a 10th ________might have formed were it not for _________
Mars
Jupiter
planet
Jupiter's gravity
Some asteroids, like ______, are so large they have their own _______

This explains the _____impact phenomenon.
Ida

moon (Dactyl)

double
The vast encircling bunch of icy comets with long period (greater than _______years) is known as the ________
200

Oort cloud
Icy and rocky debris, also called dirty snowballs are called ________
comets
Tails of comets come from___________and always face_______
sublimation of ice in reaction to charged particles from the sun.

away from the sun
The _______of a comet brings it close to the sun. The _________is when it is far away at the other end of the Solar system.
perihilion

aphelion
Some say comets brought us ______because of their _______compounds.
life

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Incoming debris adds ____to ______tons of debris to Earth's surface each day.
100
1000
To be heard an incoming meteor must be at least as big as a ________
basketball
Glassy shards formed by in-air cooling of of impact-melted rocks are ________
tektites
Most of the iridium in the Earth is near the ________except for the K/T boundary layer which helps prove there was a ___________
iron core

meteor impact
Shocked quartz is only found in association with _________
impacts
Meteor impacts would cause__________(5 things)
1. massive earthquakes
2. wildfires from ejecta
3. acid rain
4. dust would cover the planet causing a winter - block photosynthesis
5. global warming for years (due to CO2)
The limestone in Chicxulub was vaporized causing more _______to go into the atmosphere and increasing the effect of ___________
CO2

global warming
The biggest meteor impact of the century was in _____________
tunguska siberia in 1908
90% of potential earth impactors are ____________and ________comets
near-Earth asteroids
short-period
If a big thing hit earth about _________people would die.
1.5 billion
Statistically Earth receives a crater greater than 25 km every____________years
1.33 million
Statistically you have a ________chance of dying by meteor oid impact than tornadoes or floods.
greater
What era are we currently in and how long is it?
Quaternary (2.6 million years) of the Cenozoic

comes after Tertiary
The fact that old fossils are unlike living organism implied old forms of life died out and new forms developed. This is called _________
law of faunal succession
strata of like age can be recognized by the like __________of fossils and is called
law of faunal assemblages
Members of the same species shared a common pole of genetic material called __________
genome
High viscosity, high gas content, high silica content, low temperature is _________magma and the rocks are called _________
felsic

ryholitic
Low viscosity, low gas content, low silica content, high temperature is _________and the rocks are___________
mafic

basaltic
Factor of Safety (Fs) is the ratio of
__________to average ___________
shear strength

shear stress
wire cages filled with oulders used to build retaining walls to physically prevent material from going onto the road are _______________
gabions
This is a small mirror that is cooled until dew forms.
hygrometer
Advected means moved by the wind and is how____________
heat fuels thunderstorms
1 kPa is ________
1000 kg/m*s^2
If warmer air is to south, and colder air is to north, then the higher you go:
* the greater the_________________
* the greater the _____________________
horizontal pressure difference between north and south.

horizontal winds from the west.
Convection is __________and cause _________clouds
updrafts from surface

cumuliform
Thunderstorms are typically _______in diameter.

Hurricanes are _______in diameter
15 km

150-300 km
Tornadoe translation speeds are ________while rotation speeds can be __________
100 km (car)

300 km
A sandstorm or duststorm produced by outflow winds is a _______
haboob
Rising air cools adiabatically because it _________
expands

when a gas expands its temp goes down WITHOUT heat transfer
Hurricanes need the ocean surface temperature to be _______, and ______ deep (so that turbulent mixing within ocean caused by surface waves doesn't mix up colder waters to surface)
> 26°C

> 60 m