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65 Cards in this Set

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Synthesized, released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex to make/release glucocorticoids. Regulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus.

FLAT PEG

Acronym for anterior pituitary products. Tropic: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH Direct: Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth hormone.

Tropic Hormones

Cause release of another hormone at organ level.

Direct Hormones

Not intermediary. Directly produce biological effects.

Aldosterone

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex. Reabsorbs sodium and water, excreted potassium and hydrogen ions.

Amino Acid-Derived Hormones

Synthesized from amino acids. Most act via secondary messengers, or like steroid hormones.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin

Peptide hormone that acts on collecting duct to reabsorb water. Produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary.

Calcitonin

Synthesized and released by thyroid gland. Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration.

Carbonic Anhydrase

Enzyme that catalyzes conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O, as well as vice versa. Important in bicarbonate buffer system.

Catecholamines

Neurotransmitters including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Also hormones produced in adrenal medulla that play role in sympathetic nervous system.

Hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by cells and transported via bloodstream to other parts of the body. Regulated biochemical activity.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone from duodenum secreted in response to chyme. Releases bile and pancreatic enzymes into small intestine, promotes satiety.

Endorphins

Synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary, inhibit the perception of pain.

Enteropeptidase

Digestive enzyme secreted by duodenum. Converts trypsinogen to trypsin, which then activates other pancreatic enzymes to allow digestion in duodenum.

Estrogen

Syntehsized and released by ovaries, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, and placenta. Stimulates development of female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics. Contributes to LH spike that causes ovulation.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Synthesized and released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in females, and maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production in males. Regulated by estrogen and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).

Glucagon

Produced and secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas. Increases blood glucose concentration by promoting gluconeogenesis and conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver.

Glucocorticoids

Synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids raise blood glucose levels while decreasing protein synthesis.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Synthesized and released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates bone and muscle growth as well as glucose conservation. Inhibited by somatostatin and stimulated by corresponding releasing hormone (from hypothalamus).

Insulin

Produced and secreted by beta cells of pancreas. Decreases blood glucose concentrations by facilitating uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells, and conversion of glucose to glycogen in muscle and liver cells.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Synthesized and released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. Regulated by estrogen, progesterone, and GnRH.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Synthesized and released by parathyroid gland. Increases blood calcium ion concentration by increasing its reabsorption in the kidneys and by stimulating calcium release from bone.

Pepsin

Secreted by pepsinogen by chief cells of stomach. Cleaves peptide bonds, starting digestion of proteins into individual amino acids.

Peptide Hormones

Polar hormones incapable of permeating the cell membrane that bind to surface receptors and act through secondary messengers.

Progesterone

Synthesized and released by ovaries, corpus luteum, and placenta. Secreted during luteal phase by corpus luteum, stimulates along with estrogen the development and maintenance of the endometrial walls for implantation of the embryo.

Prolactin

A hormone synthesized and released by anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production and secretion in the mammaries.

Somatostatin

Produced and secreted by delta cells of the pancreas. Inhibits release of glucagon and insulin

Steroid Hormones

Nonpolar hormones that cross the cell membrane and act by binding intracellular receptors.

Testosterone

Hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of testes. Responsible for embryonic sexual differentiation, male sexual development, and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics.

Thyroid Hormones

Synthesized and released by thyroid gland. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) stimulate cellular respiration as well as protein and fatty acid synthesis and degradation.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Synthesized and released by anterior pituitary. Stimulates thyroid gland to absorb iodine and synthesize/secrete thyroid hormones. Regulated by TRH from hypothalamus.

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor, milk letdown during lactation, bonding behavior.

Corticosteroids

Secreted by adrenal cortex. Steroid hormones that can be divided into three different classes.

Mineralcorticoids

Used in salt/water homeostasis, mostly in kidneys.

Cortical Sex Hormones

Includes androgens and estrogens.

Erythropoietin

Peptide hormone produced in kidney, stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A peptide hormone secreted by the atria that promotes salt and water excretion.

Thymosin

Peptide hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates T-cell development.

Atrial Natriueretic Peptide (ANP)

Hormone that aids in loss of salt within nephron, acting as a natural diuretic with loss of fluid.

Pepsin

Cleaves peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids.

Aminopeptidase

Secreted by glands in duodenum that removes N-terminal amino acid from a peptide.

Dipeptidase

Cleaves peptide bonds of dipeptides to release free amino acids.

Enteropeptidase

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin, and activates procarboxypeptidases A and B.

Secretin

Peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum. Also regulates pH of the digestive tract by reducing HCl secretion and increasing bicarbonate secretion from pancreas.

Entergastrone

A hormone that slows motility through digestive tract. Includes secretin.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Peptide hormone secreted in response to entry of chyme. Stimulates release of bile and pancreatic juices, and promotes satiety in the brain.

Pancreatic Lipase

Breaks down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Collagens

Provides strength and flexibility in extracellular matrix of connective tissue throughout the body. Has a characteristic trihelical fiber of three alpha helices).

Elastin

Component of extracellular matrix. Stretches and recoils like a spring, restoring original shape of tissue.

Keratins

Intermediate filament proteins found in epithelial cells. Contributes to mechanical integrity of cell and as regulatory proteins. Hair and nails.

Actin

Protein that makes up microfilaments and the thin filaments in myofibrils. Positive and negative sides allow motor proteins to travel unidirectionally along a filament. Most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells.

Tubulin

Protein that makes up microtubules. Provide structure, chromosome separation, intracellular transport. Has polarity.

Myosin

Primary motor protein that interacts with actin. Role as thick filament in a myofibril, also involved in cellular transport. Head and neck involved in a powerstroke mechanism for sarcomere contraction.

Kinesin

Motor protein associated with microtubules. Has two heads, one attached to tubulin at all times. Plays role in aligning chromosomes and depolymerizing microtubules during mitosis. Bring vesicles towards positive end of microtubule.

Dyneins

Motor protein associated with microtubules. Has two heads, one attached to tubulin at all times. Involved in sliding movement of cilia and flagella. Bring vesicles towards negative end of microtubule.

Cadherins

Group of glycoproteins (cell adhesion molecules) that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion, and hold similar cell types together.

Integrins

Group of proteins (cell adhesion molecules) that all have two membrane-spanning chains (alpha and beta). Bind to and communicate with extracellular matrix, and play a role in signalling.

Selectins

Cell adhesion molecules/proteins that bind to carbohydrate molecules that project from other cell surfaces.

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

General class of proteins that are found on surface of most cells that aid in binding of the cell to the extracellular matrix or other cells. Major families are cadherins, integrins, and selectins.

Ion Channels

Proteins that create specific pathways for charged molecules via a means of facilitated diffusion. Three main groups are Ungated, Voltage-Gated, and Ligand-Gated.

Ungated Channels

Proteins that have no gates and are unregulated in which charged molecules they let through, unless both sides are at equilibrium.

Voltage-Gated Channels

Ion channel protein that is regulated by the membrane potential change near the channel. Closed under resting conditions, but membrane depolarization causes a conformation change very quickly as voltage increases. Neurons are a typical example.

Ligand-Gated Channels

The binding of a specific substance or ligand to this type of ion channel protein causes it to open or close. A typical example is neurotransmitters.

Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Membrane receptors that display catalytic activity in response to ligand binding. Have a membrane-spanning domain for anchorage, and a ligand-binding domain that induces conformational change in the catalytic domain. Often results in a second messenger cascade.

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Large family of integral membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Characterized by 7 membrane-spanning alpha helices. Utilize a heterotrimeric G protein to transmit signals to an effector in the cell. Three types: Gs (stimulates adenylate cyclase, raising cAMP), Gi (inhibits adenylate cyclase, lowering cAMP), and Gq (activates phospholipase C to start reaction resulting in IP3, which opens calcium channels in endoplasmic reticulum). Has alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.