Enzymes

Front 1

Define Catalyst:

Back 1

A molecule that speeds up a reaction whilst remaining chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Front 2

Metabolic Pathway

Back 2

A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions in which a product of one reaction is a reactant in the next.

Front 3

Anabolic Reactions

Back 3

Building up molecules

Front 4

Catabolic Reactions

Back 4

Breaking down molecules

Front 5

Define Active Site

Back 5

Site on an enzyme with a particular 3 dimensional structure that permits binding which a substrate.

Front 6

Define Enzyme-substrate complex

Back 6

The structure formed when an enzyme binds with a substrate.

Front 7

Describe where an extracellular enzyme works

Back 7

.Secreted from cells by exocytosis

.Works outside of the cell

Front 8

Give two types of intracellular enzymes

Back 8

Membrane bound and dissolved in solution

Front 9

Describe how an enzyme works

Back 9

Substrate is complimentary shape to active site

So substrate bonds with active site forming an enzyme substrate complex

The reaction is then catalysed

Front 10

Describe the lock and key model

Back 10

The substrate and active site are exactly complimentary shaped like a lock and a key

Front 11

Describe the induced fit model of enzymes

Back 11

An active sites shape will change slightly to accommodate the substrate

Front 12

What is the term used to describe the 1-enzyme-1-substrate rule

Back 12

Enzyme specify

Front 13

Describe how lysozyme works

Back 13

Sugars on bacteria cells are complimentary shape to active site

The active site then closes over the walls and hydrolises the bonds holding them together

The cell wall is then weakened and the bacteria cell absorbs water and bursts

Front 14

Define activation energy

Back 14

The minimum amount of energy that must be put into a chemical system for a reaction to occur

Front 15

Give 2 examples of how enzymes can be immobilised

Back 15

Sodium alginate beads

Cellulose microfibrils

Front 16

Define immobilised enzyme

Back 16

Enzyme molecules bound to an inert material, over which the substrate molecules move.

Front 17

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

Back 17

Can be used repeatedly

Doesn't contaminate products

Easily recovered for reuse

Front 18

Describe the controll of the heart beat

Back 18

.Wave of excitation arises at sinoatrial node

.This spreads over the atria and they contract

.the ventricle is insulated apart form at atrioventricular node

.so wave spreads here causing a delay

.wave travels to bundle of his and then purkinje fibres

Front 19

Describe 2 structural features of an erythrocyte

Back 19

Biconcave discs

No nucleus

Front 20

Name the two types of white blood cells

Back 20

Granulocytes

Lymphocytes

Front 21

What is plasma made from?

Back 21

90% water

Food molecules hormones and plasma protiens

Front 22

Describe the formation of tissue fluid

Back 22

.High hydrostatic pressure at start of capillary pushing outwards

.low osmotic pressure at start of capillary pushing inwards

.net movement outwards

.High osmotic pressure at end of capillary pushing inwards due to plasma proteins and water leaving

.low hydrostatic pressure pushing putwards

Net movement inwards